Developing Country Studies
https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/DCS
<p><span id="internal-source-marker_0.04939836589619517">Developing Country Studies <span id="internal-source-marker_0.04939836589619517">is a peer reviewed journal published by IISTE. The journal publishes original papers at the forefront of social, economical, trade and legislative issues related to developing countries. The journal is published in both printed and online versions. The online version is free access and download.</span></span></p><p><span id="internal-source-marker_0.04939836589619517"><span id="internal-source-marker_0.04939836589619517">IISTE is a member of <a href="http://www.crossref.org/01company/17crossref_members.html">CrossRef</a>. </span></span></p><p><span><span><span>The DOI of the journal is: https://doi.org/10.7176/DCS</span><br /></span></span></p>en-USDeveloping Country Studies2224-607XJournal coverpage
https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/DCS/article/view/61958
Journal coverpageJournal Editor14Obstacles of Development Agents for Gender Equality in Agricultural Extension Services in Finfine Surrounding Special Zone and East Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/DCS/article/view/61959
<p>The present study was designed to find out the barriers which limit the active participation of both the genders (men and women) in agricultural operations and also towards gender disparity in agricultural extension. Agriculture comprises of a number of farming activities, where both men and women are involved in multiple diverse nature of field operations. In spite of their high contribution in farm and non-farm activities, there exist gender disparities with reference to agricultural extension, advisory services. The study was conducted in five districts in east Shewa and<strong> </strong>Finfine surrounding special zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Personal interviews were conducted from male and female development agents. The total sample size of the study was 60 (49 male and 11 female). A designed structured questionnaire was prepared for the data collection as the research instrument. The data thus collected were coded on SPSS for analysis and interpretation. Results showed that approximately 87% of men farmers participated at a high rate, whereas the majority of women farmers participated at a medium rate. Female heads were found to be more involved than wives in agriculture and livestock production. It is apparent that women's participation in animal production practices is higher than in crop production. In spite of their participation in crops and livestock activities it was found that compared to female farmers, male farmer heads had access to agricultural extension/advisory and agricultural information services and credit facilities. This is due lack of proper transport facilities for female extension staff, non-availability of female extension staff, Lack of reorganization and appreciation of rural female’s work, lack of provision of agricultural credit facilities for women and lack of decision making authority among female workers. The results of the t-test statistics showed that there is highly significant difference in opinion of male and female respondents regarding barriers to gender equality in agricultural extension in Ethiopia.</p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Development agent, Extension service, Gender equality, Obstacles</p> <p><strong>DOI:</strong> 10.7176/DCS/14-1-01</p> <p><strong>Publication date: </strong>January 31<sup>st</sup> 2024</p>Truayinet Mekuriaw14The Contribution of Community Based Seed Production in the Ethiopia Seed System: Evidence from West and South West Shewa, Zone, Oromia Region
https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/DCS/article/view/61960
<p>Community based seed multiplication approaches have been used by agricultural research and development actors to improve farmers’ access to quality seed in many developing countries like Ethiopia. Recently it has gained popularity as an alternative to the formal seed sector of disseminating new crop varieties developed by the research system. Almost every smallholder farmer in the country uses the recycled seeds from their farms for the next planting season. Seed producer cooperatives produce quality seed of diversified crops and varieties and directly sell to customers locally and beyond. Community based seed multiplication (CBSM) approach was introduced and evaluated at national level particularly in Oromia regional state of Ethiopia from 2015/16-2017/18 cropping season and by the implementing center of Holetta agricultural research center from 2015/16 to 2019/20 cropping season. Holetta Agricultural Research Center implemented on five seed producer cooperatives. A total of 830 quintals of basic seed of bread wheat, faba bean, chickpea, and malt barley and teff technologies were distributed through EIAR and by the support of USAID_ICARDA faba bean-malt barley project. Overall, in these specific crop technologies a total of 1524 farmers out of which 1192 male and 332 female farmers were directly benefited and more than 680 hectares of land was covered. Over the last five years about 11300.3 quintals of pure seed was produced through the CBSM scheme. Moreover, 80% of the seed produced was inspected and certified by the seed regulatory laboratory and farmers sale their produced seed with 15% premium price. Lastly, to improve the technical skills of zonal and district level agricultural experts and cooperative leaders, TOT was provided on seed production and management technics. Similarly, Various theoretical and practical training on seed production and management practices also given to members of CBSP farmers and kebele development agents. Therefore, these kinds of measures effectively address the severe seed deficit in the community and must continue to be implemented periodically in the future.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Community based; Regional; production; seed; smallholder.</p> <p><strong>DOI:</strong> 10.7176/DCS/14-1-02</p> <p><strong>Publication date: </strong>January 31<sup>st</sup> 2024</p>Mamaru Tesfaye14Demonstration of Soil Test Based NPS Fertilizer Rate Based on Calibrated for Tef in Girar Jarso District of North Shewa Zone, Oromia
https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/DCS/article/view/61961
<p>The pre-extension demonstration of Soil Test based NPS fertilizer rate based on calibrated for Tef technology with its full packages practices was done to demonstrate and evaluate the newly adapted teff variety and thereby create awareness for farmers and agricultural extension agents. One improved teff variety (Dagim) was demonstrated Girar Jarso district in two kebeles (Wartu and Dire doyu) two peasant associations were selected purposely from the district based on teff production potential. The experiment was demonstrated on a simple plot with a size of 10 x 10 m. teff grain yield data, and farmer perceptions and preferences were collected and analyzed by simple descriptive statistics Soil test based NPS fertilizer rate based on p-calibrated for teff along blanket. The demonstration was under taken on different plot 10m x 10m area for each practice with row planting recommended Seed rate 15 kg/ha and Fertilizer rate NPS 92kg/ ha and UREA 92kg/ha. Mini -field day involving different stalk holders was organized at each respective site. Yield data per plot in different practice was recorded and analyzed using descriptive statistics, while farmers preference to demonstrated technology was identified using focal group discussion and summarized. The demonstration result revealed that Dagim with Soil Test based NPS fertilizer rate based on calibrated technology was higher yielding and the most preferred technology by farmers. Dagim with Soil Test based NPS fertilizer rate based on calibrated technology had 26.5% yield advantage over the local check. Furthermore, Dagim with Soil Test based NPS fertilizer rate based on calibrated technology was selected by farmers. Thus, Dagim with Soil Test based NPS fertilizer rate based on calibrated technology Dagim with Soil Test based NPS fertilizer rate based on calibrated technology recommended for further scale-up.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>demonstration, soil-test, selection criteria, teff</p> <p><strong>DOI:</strong> 10.7176/DCS/14-1-03</p> <p><strong>Publication date: </strong>January 31<sup>st</sup> 2024</p>Gadisa Gemechu14Appraising Appropriate Urban Design Models in Developing Countries: An Integrated Builtscape Approach and the Case of Secondary Cities in Ghana
https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/DCS/article/view/61962
<p>Urban design is increasingly becoming important in urban regeneration, development and beautification transformations in the global South, as it has been in the North. However, while urban design is an established and explicit part of the planning systems in the latter, it is far less so in the former. And a real difficulty is the tendency to apply urban design models developed in the global North in the South. While this is an inertia of colonial urbanisation and Westernism, generally, these approaches tend not to be appropriate, en masse, in the context of developing countries. This study, therefore, aimed to explore and appraise an appropriate urban design model by reviewing selected existing ones and proposing an approach considered more relevant to the built environment in a developing country like Ghana: the Integrated Builtscape model. And this was applied to appraise the impact of urban regeneration and development programmes on urban design in the two secondary cities of Cape Coast and Elmina in Ghana. Results of the routscaping, buildscaping, plantscaping, formscaping, varietyscaping, personalisascaping and legibilityscaping modeled demonstrated a basis for making relevant and respective recommendations for improving urban design, within the planning system, in Ghana and the global South generally.<strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Urban design approaches, Integrated Builtscape design model, urban regeneration and development, beautification, urban policy and planning, development control, secondary cities<strong></strong></p> <p><strong>DOI:</strong> 10.7176/DCS/14-1-04</p> <p><strong>Publication date: </strong>January 31<sup>st</sup> 2024</p> <p><strong> </strong></p>Sam C. M. Ofori14Situation and Trend Analysis of Agricultural Development in Ethiopia
https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/DCS/article/view/61963
<p>The Ethiopian Agriculture sector contributes 32.5 percent to the gross domestic product, 72.7 percent to employment opportunities, and 90 percent of raw materials for manufacturing industries. it is the major source of export revenue including coffee, oil seeds, pulses, flower, chat, fruits & vegetables, and meat & meat products, and accounts for 71.2 percent of the total value of exports in the country. The country has immense potential for agricultural production. despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped and the aggregate rates and intensities of adoption of improved technologies remain low compared to those realized in Asia’s Green Revolution. Several factors, including government expenditures in the sector, especially on extension services, road network, lower levels of rural education, and lack of favorable domestic and foreign price incentives have influenced the wider circulation of improved technologies. The Government of Ethiopia seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving the uptake of technology. Efforts have been made by the government to improve the performance of agriculture through agriculture and rural development policies and strategies. Ethiopia is currently developing a Policy and Investment Framework to align the financing commitments of the country’s development partners. This research project aims at analyzing the current situation of Ethiopian agriculture and rural development in country. The research was undertaken through a literature review approach. The reviewed literature was thematically collected, summarized, analyzed, interpreted, narrated, and then discussed. Insufficient access to credit, climate change, land degradation and deforestation, lack of integration, lack of irrigation facilities, sudden outbreaks of natural disasters, pests, shortage of technological advancement, and narrow market support are the major constraints in agricultural production and productivity. In this regard, the use of improved seeds is at a very low level and the informal seed system is dominant in the country. Moreover, not all accessible seeds were reasonable for the soil and climate types inside and over the rural communities. On the other hand, few households in all the farming sites found the prevailing price of fertilizer expensive and tough to afford, partly due to restricted access to money. Those that may afford fertilizers were additionally involved concerning the danger of low profitableness given the high price on the one hand and on the other, erratic climatic conditions that could lead on to low outputs. In general, poor farmers who constitute most of the Ethiopian farming community appear to be largely excluded from the input supply system-including seeds and fertilizer as well as credit and financial services. To eradicate and minimize the problems faced in the countries agriculture it is recommended to establish strong and dynamic result-based monitoring and evaluation system, investing more in agricultural research, development of infrastructure like access to road and mechanization of the practice is needed.</p> <p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Agriculture, Ethiopia, production system, improved technologies</p> <p><strong>DOI:</strong> 10.7176/DCS/14-1-05</p> <p><strong>Publication date: </strong>January 31<sup>st</sup> 2024</p>Musba Kedir14