A Research on the Relationship Between Organizational Cynicism and Organizational Commitment: Textile Sector Example

Organizational commitment is a positive business behavior that expresses the sense of belonging and commitment developed by the employee towards the organization in which he/she is working. Organizational cynicism, which has a diminishing effect on this positive work behavior, is the totality of negative beliefs, feelings and thoughts developed by the employee towards the organization. This study aims to discuss the relationship between organizational commitment and organizational cynicism The sample of the research is defined as the employees in organizations that are active in textile sector in the city of Bursa Nilüfer Organized Industrial Zone. In this context, a questionnaire consisting of 3 parts is used as data collection tool. The first section of the questionnaire there are demographical questions. In the second section, there is Organizatiobal Cynicism Scale, which is developed by Brandes, Dhaldwadk and Dean (1999) and in the third section there is Organizational Commitment Scale, which is developed by Meyer and Allen (1991). 250 surveys have been distributed to participants via e-mail and 179 respond are received. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 package program. According to the findings there is statistically significant relationship between organizational Cynicism and all 3 dimensions of Organizational Commitment. There are various researches on the relationship between organizational commitment and organizational cynicism in both international and national literature. On the other hand, there is almost no study dealing with this relationship in the context of the textile sector. At this point, it is hoped that this work will constitute originality, and it is expected that a more detailed national framework will be created in the future, not only in the textile sector, but also in the private and public sectors. In addition to this, it is hoped that professionals would gain awareness about the human resources in their organizations based on the results of these and similar studies.

discussed within the organization in William Whyte's (1956) work titled "The Person of the Organization." This study, which Whyte defined the organizational person as an entity belonging to the organization as well as being a person working in the organization, paved the way for the increase and gaining importance of the researches on the concept of "organizational commitment" (Randall, 1987: 460).
The issue of organizational commitment was first handled by Whyte in 1956, and has been studied by many researchers from different disciplines such as Porter, Mowday, Steers, Allen, Meyer and Becker (Gül, 2002: 37). The concept of organizational commitment as a subject of research in different disciplines such as organizational and social psychology caused researchers to approach the concept with their own perspectives (Candan and Yetim, 2018: 3443). When the organizational commitment literature is analyzed, it is thought that this is the main reason for encountering many different definitions rather than a single definition of concept (Oliver, 1990: 21). Becker (1960: 32) defines the concept of organizational commitment as a commitment resulting from the thought that the gains of the employees from the organization in addition to their efforts, be wasted when it comes to leaving the organization. It defines it as a bond, which causes the employees to decide to continue working in the organization. When other studies conducted within the scope of organizational commitment are analyzed, organizational commitment is expressed by Mathews and Sheppard as a strong willingness to adopt the values and goals of the organization based on the benefit of the organization and to remain as a member of the organization (Mathews & Sheppard, 2002: 369 ).
Among the definitions of organizational commitment, the most common one belongs to Porter et al. (Uçar & Kök, 2018: 235). Porter et al. (1974: 604) mentioned three factors that characterize organizational commitment: The belief and acceptance developed for the aims and values of the organization, the desire to make a high degree of effort on behalf of the organization and the desire to maintain membership in the organization. In the light of the definitions made, it is possible to summarize the concept of organizational commitment as the desire of the employee to remain in the organization, high level of interest and effort for the organization to be successful, integration of the organization with its values, goals and objectives, and the loyalty attitude developed towards the organization (Bayram, 2005: 128).
In studies conducted on the concept of organizational commitment, it is seen that the concept has been examined by many authors by considering different dimensions. For example; While researchers such as Becker, Staw, Salancik highlight the behavioral aspect of the concept, researchers such as Allen, Meyer, Mowday, Steers and Porter focused on the attitude direction of the concept (Yıldız, 2013: 855). In this context, various studies carried out within the scope of organizational commitment and different definitions caused different classifications (Taş, 2012: 11).
Among these classifications, the most used and accepted model in the organizational commitment literature is the Meyer and Allen model consisting of 3 dimensions (Koyuncu & Elçi, 2018: 67). Allen and Meyer argue that organizational commitment consists of 3 different dimensions: affective, continuance and normative (Meyer, Irving and Allen, 1998: 32). In addition, this model also includes the relationships between the elements that make up the organizational commitment and the different variables and organizational results.

Affective Commitment
Affective commitment; is the identification of the employees with the organization, their commitment to the organization (Allen & Meyer, 1996: 253) and therefore their desire not to leave the organization (Meyer, Stanley and Parfyonova, 2012: 1;Meyer, Stanley, Jackson, McInnis, Maltin and Sheppard, 2012: 226). The affective commitment of the employee to the organization means that the person is in that organization because he / she wants it. Those who work in the organization voluntarily do not refrain from taking additional responsibility and making extra efforts when necessary because they are loyal and committed employees and show a completely positive attitude towards the job and the organization (Çetin, 2004: 95). For this reason, affective commitment is the most desired type of commitment to be created by employers in organizations (Afşar, 2011: 10). The findings obtained from the previous researches show that those who work with affective commitment make more meaningful and positive contributions to their organizations compared to employees with continuance commitment (Çakıroğlu, Çöp and Altınöz, 2018: 3685). Furthermore, if employees' affective commitment is strong, their normative commitment also strengthens. Because employees think that it is true and ethical to stay in the organization in addition to their high levels of satisfaction and they also volunteer to make extra efforts on behalf of the organization (Meyer et al., 2012: 14).

Continuance Commitment
It is the type of commitment that emerges as a result of the investments (pshyically and mentally) made by the employees for the organization they are affiliated with. In this case, the employee thinks that staying in the organization is an imperative because of the effort and time that is spent fort he organization (Bayram, 2005: 133). Unlike affective commitment, in continuance commitment the cost factor is the determining factor in the desire of the employees to continue their organization membership (Ersoy & Bayraktaroğlu, 2015: 5). These people, who are obliged to work for their employers, are called trapped workers because they are the ones who will end their membership of the organization without hesitation if they can. Some of these people remain in their organization because they are unable to find a job or do not have the competencies and qualifications to find a job, while others remain in their organization for compelling reasons such as close retirement or health issues. In addition, these individuals can be a source of problems for managers since they are not loyal to the organization and display negative attitudes (Çetin, 2004: 95).

Normative Commitment
Normative commitment is the type of commitment that emerges as a result of the belief that the service is debt for the organization and morally correct, in response to the opportunities and investments provided by the organization for them (Gül, 2002: 45;Allen a& Meyer, 1991: 72). The main focus in normative commitment is to emphasize the necessity (McInnis, Meyer and Feldman, 2009: 166). The employee, who has normative commitment, believes that he/she has an obligation and responsibility for the organization he/she works for and therefore considers remaining in the organization as an ethical issues (Wasti, 2002: 526). Normative commitment can also occur when the organization facilitates paying interest such as rewards, educational scholarships or participation in certain courses. This situation normatively connects the employee to the organization, as the employee feels owed to the organization. The idea of commitment created in this way can only end when the employee pays his/her debt to the organization (Meyer & Allen, 1991: 72). In short, the employee believes that the sense of normative commitment to the organization is important and morally imperative in this regard (Doğan & Kılıç, 2007: 49).
To sum up, the common point of the affective, continuance and normative commitment types developed by Allen and Meyer is the existence of a link between the organization and the employee that reduces the possibility of leaving the organization. Namely; each type of commitment connects the employee to the organization and ensures its continuity. But, the reasons to be committed to the organization differs in each type. The motivation of staying in the organization in affective commitment is based on desire, need in continuance commitment and moral obligation in normative commitment (Obeng & Ugboro, 2003: 83).

Organizational Cyn$csm
Cynicism is a philosophical way of thinking that is originated in the ancient Greek period and based on the rules of nature, ignoring moral rules. Although the most known representative of this movement, which is accepted to have emerged in the 500s B.C., is Diogenes, Antisthenes, who went the path of Socrates, is also known as the first representative and the first cynic (Mantere & Martinsuo, 2001: 4).
Cynicism is a special and general attitude that includes negative feelings such as anger as well as disdain, despair and insecurity towards an ideology, person, group or institution (Andersson, 1996: 154). Organizational cynicism, on the other hand, is defined as the whole of beliefs that the organization in which individuals work are devoid of honesty and that basic principles such as justice and sincerity are sacrificed for the interests of the organization (Bernerth, Armenakis, Feild, and Walker, 2007: 311). While organizational cynicism can be associated with too many objects, it represents an attitude that can be generalized from one target to another, and the learned belief that develops as a result of experience (Görmen, 2017: 366). In this framework, organizational cynicism has been defined by James (2005: 7) as "an answer to the past of personal and social experiences that are shaped by the negative feelings, beliefs and behaviors of a person, but also connected with the attitudes I have regarding the organization of the employer and are open to be affected by environmental factors".
As mentioned above, the concept of cynicism dates back to ancient times, while studies on organizational cynicism in the literature, especially in the field of organizational behavior, started to gain momentum in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In this context, the concept of organizational cynicism was brought into the literature by Kanter and Mirvis (1989) to investigate the causes of cynicism in the organization. Afterwards, the effects of cynicism were started to be examined and discussed by the American public, politicians and company executives (James, 2005: 18).
Although organizational cynicism is classified under 5 different cathegories as corporate cynicism, personality cynicism, organizational change cynicism, vocational cynicism and employee cynicism, these cathegories are also gathered under an umbrella. The fact that organizational cynicism acts as an umbrella that combines these classifications is due to the fact that all five types of cynicism occur within the organization. Sometimes, although there is a difference in the goals or causes of cynicism, all cathegories of organizational cynicism include negative feelings, thoughts, beliefs and behaviors related to the organization (Torun, 2016: 52). Corporate cynicism is also called social cynicism, and it expresses the insecurity of people living in a country to their own institutions and government administrators (Donald & Philip, 2009: 4), while the negative attitude of the vocational cynicism occurs due to disappointment and insecurity towards the organization where the employee works (Cartwright and Holmes, 2006: 200). Personality cynicism, on the other hand, is the only type of cynicism, a feature that exists in the nature of the person, which causes the behaviors displayed by people to be perceived as negative (Abraham, 2000: 270). On the other hand, organizational change cynicism is considered as a belief in pessimism and inadequacy of the people who will make the change in the future (Abraham, 2000: 272;Reichers, Wanous and Austin, 1997: 48), while vocational (business) cynicism is expressed as a negative attitude towards the content of the work done (Abraham, 2000: 273).
When the literature is examined, it is seen that there are many factors that will trigger the formation of organizational cynicism. The main factors that have important impacts on the formation of organizational cynicism can be expressed as follows: Job satisfaction and commitment to the organization (Nafei, 2013: 52), high manager wages, sudden and harsh layoffs (Andersson & Bateman, 1997: 451), perceived reduced organizational support (Kalağan 2009: 89), high level of role conflict (Naus, Iterson & Roe, 2007: 693), psychological contract violation (Delken, 2004: 18), long working hours, ineffective leadership and management, intense work load, organizational downsizing (Cartwright and Holmes, 2006: 201).
However, organizational cynicism is known to have some negative effects on employees and organizations. These negative effects can be listed as follows: Increase in the rates of dismissal, disobedience, insecurity, increase in burnout level, decrease in motivation, decrease in performance within the organization, decrease in self-esteem, decrease in trust in the organization (Kalağan, 2009: 81).
According to Dean and his friends, organizational cynicism, which is expressed as a negative attitude towards the organization, consists of three dimensions. These are belief that the organization lacks integrity (cognitive), negative feelings (affective) towards the organization (malicious emotional) and abusive (negative) tendencies and behaviors related to the organization (Dean et al., 1998: 345).

Cognitive (Belief) Dimension
The cognitive dimension is expressed in the belief that there is no honesty in the organization (Dean et al., 1998: 343). In other words, employees feel insecurity towards the decisions of the organization and believe that they do not reflect the real character of their managers, which is explained by the cognitive dimension of organizational cynicism (Helvacı & Çetin, 2012(Helvacı & Çetin, : 1477. People with cynical attitudes in organizations have beliefs that practices in organizations lack organizational principles, that human behavior in organizations is inconsistent and unreliable, and that relationships in the organization are based on personal interests, so that they can behave immorally by ignoring value judgments such as sincerity and honesty for the interests of employees. (Kalağan, 2009: 46).
Negative attitudes of cynical organization members are can be listed as stigma, disorganization, alienation, lovelessness, lack of attention, emotional numbness and burnout (Akman, 2013: 35).

Affective (Feelings) Dimension
Those who feel affective cynicism, give strong emotional reactions such as anger, disdain and shame about the organization they work in (Özler, Atalay & Şahin, 2010: 49). They adopt feelings such as hate, distress and shame, and in addition, they can make harsh criticism about the lack of principles such as honesty and justice in their organizations. (Brandes, Dharwadkar and Dean, 1999: 5). Therefore, it can be said that cynicism is associated with many negative emotions (Dean et al., 1998: 346). Anger, disrespect, anger, disdain, hate, moral deterioration, disappointment, despair, feelings of shame, disdain, self-indulgence and distrust are among the negative emotions of affective cynicism (İraz, Fındık & Eryeven, 2012: 447

Behavioral Dimension
Behavioral dimension is expressed as the tendency to exhibit negative behavior towards the organization (İnceoğlu, 2010: 25). The behavioral dimension of organizational cynicism is that the employee, who is a member of the organization, conveys negative information about the organization, makes criticisms and complaints. In this context, employees who exhibit cynical attitudes towards the organization tend to make desperate and pessimistic predictions about the future activities of the organization and they can humiliate and offend people (Dean et al., 1998: 346). People who exhibit cynical behavior in organizations can also display their negative thoughts with their non-verbal behavior. In this sense, behaviors such as employees' looking at each other meaningfully and smiling cynically are among the examples that can be given to cynical behaviors (Brandes et al., 1999: 5).

Studies Invest$gat$ng the Relat$onsh$p Between Organ$zat$onal Comm$tment and Organ$zat$onal Cyn$c$sm
When the researches on organizational commitment and organizational cynicism are examined, it is seen that the number of studies examining the relationship between the two concepts are not adequate. In this context, some of the studies that can be reached in both international and national literature are given below.
In the study conducted by Nafei and Kaifi (2013), the relationship between organizational cynicism and organizational commitment of 297 employees working in institutions providing education to doctors was measured. According to the findings obtained from the research, there is a significant relationship between organizational commitment and organizational cynicism levels of the employees.
In the study conducted by Barnes (2010), the sample of which was composed of 473 college employees, the relationship among organizational commitment, organizational cynicism and organizational citizenship behaviors is examined. It was concluded that those who exhibit cynical attitudes had lower commitment to the organization.
Brandes, Dharwadkar and Dean (1999) examined the relationships among organizational cynicism, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship, employee involvement, the manager's formal behavior, the manager's extra behavior, and the manager's involvement. The sample of the research consists of 129 employees and managers working in a medium-sized organization. In the findings obtained from the results of the research, it was found that there was a strong and negative relationship between organizational cynicism and organizational commitment. Another finding of this study was that there was a difference in organizational cynicism attitudes of managers and employees. In this context, it was concluded that those who work cynically had higher organizational commitment and participation compared to managers.
As for national studies, Yavuz and Bedük (2016) selected 85 people working in a public bank as sample in their study on the relationship between organizational cynicism and organizational commitment. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between organizational commitment and organizational cynicism, to reveal the relationships between its sub-dimensions and to determine whether there is a relationship among demographical characteristics and organizational commitment and organizational cynicism levels. According to the results obtained from the study, there was a negative relationship between organizational cynicism and organizational commitment behavior. While a statistically significant difference was found between demographical characteristics gender and educational status, there was a statistically significant difference between the demographical characteristics of organizational cynicism only between the groups in the educational situation.
Türközü, Parker and Cos (2013) carried out a research in a leading company that is active in textile sector, Turkey, within the framework of structural equation model and collected data from 371 employees via survey method. As a result of the research, it was determined that organizational cynicism and organizational trust perceptions predicted the organizational commitment variable. However, it was another finding that the perceptions of organizational cynicism negatively affected the variable of organizational commitment. Fındık and Eryeşil (2012), aimed to investigate the effect of the cynical attitudes of the employees working in the iron and steel enterprises in Konya, on their organizational commitment. It was concluded that organizational cynicism, which occured in the employees as a result of the changes experienced in the research, had the effect of reducing the organizational commitment of the employees. Although it was concluded that there was a negative relationship between organizational cynicism and organizational commitment, it was determined that the age, education, working time of the employees differ according to the variables of organizational cynicism and organizational commitment.
In the research conducted by Altınöz, Çöp and Sığındı (2011), the relationship between the organizational cynicism and organizational commitment of 210 managers working in four and five stars hotel businesses operating in Ankara was analyzed statistically. According to the findings obtained in the study, there is a highlevel negative relationship between organizational commitment and organizational cynicism. In this context, it was emphasized that policies should be followed to increase the commitment of the employees in order to prevent the employees from displaying cynical attitudes. When the relationship in the sub-dimensions of organizational cynicism and organizational commitment was analyzed, it was found that there was a generally moderate

Methodology
When the researches on organizational commitment and organizational cynicism are examined, it is seen that there are few number of studies examining the relationship between the two concepts. In this context, some of the studies that can be reached in both international and national literature are given above.
In this study, it is aimed to analyze the relationship between organizational cynicism and organizational commitment. The sample of the research is defined as the employees in organizations that are active in textile sector in the city of Bursa Nilüfer Organized Industrial Zone. In this context, a questionnaire consisting of 3 parts is used as data collection tool. The first section of the questionnaire there are demographical questions. In the second section, there is Organizatiobal Cynicism Scale, which is developed by Brandes, Dhaldwadk and Dean (1999) and in the third section there is Organizational Commitment Scale, which is developed by Meyer and Allen (1991). 250 surveys have been distributed to participants via e-mail and 179 respond are received. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 package program.

Hypothesis
H0: There is no statistically significant relationship between Organizational Commitment and Organizational Cynicism. H1: There is a statistically significant relationship between Organizational Cynicism and Normative Commitment h1: µ1> µ2 H2: There is a statistically significant relationship between Organizational Cynicism and Attendance Commitment h2: µ1> µ2 H3: There is a statistically significant relationship between Organizational Cynicism and Affectivel Commitment h3: µ1> µ2

Reliability Analysis
The cronbach's alpha value of the Organizational Cynicism Scale is 0.968 and the cronbach's alpha value of the Organizational Commitment Scale is 0.9983 (Table 2).  www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905(Paper) ISSN 2222-2839(Online) Vol.12, No.12, 2020 (Table 9), it is seen that the F value is statistically significant at the first phase. p <.001. (F178-1 = 213.107).  Vol.12, No.12, 2020 According to the model summary table of this hypothesis (Table 11), the independent variable Organizational Cynicism has a regression value of 64.6% on Affective Commitment.

Conclusion and Discussion
Even though the managements of the organizations give great importance to satisfying the employees, there may be many other obstacles that would prevent the satisfaction and thus, the commitment. Organizational cynicism (Dean, Brandes, & Dharwadkar, 1998: 341), which is defined as the "negative attitudes of the individual towards the organization" is among these problems. In this sense, organizational commitment levels and types of employees constitute great importance.
Organizational commitment is classified under 3 dimensions as affective, continuance and normative. What type of commitment the employees have and whether there is a relationship between these commitment types and the cynical behaviors they display is a very important issue to be taken into consideration by the organization's management. This is because the human resource is the most valuable resource of the organization and it is extremely costly to replace the lost human resource.
The sample of the research is defined as the employees in organizations that are active in textile sector in the city of Bursa Nilüfer Organized Industrial Zone. According to the findings there is statistically significant relationship between organizational Cynicism and all 3 dimensions of Organizational Commitment. As organizational cynicism behavior increase; Continuance Commitment and Affective Commitment increase accordingly and Normative Commitment decrease. In this sense, when evaluated on sector basis, it can be said that displaying cynical behaviors causes textile sector employees to stay away from moral (normative) attitudes, which is actually an expected result. On the other hand, while it is again among the expected results that continuance commitment increase as organizational cynicism behaviour increase, it is quite unexpected that affective commitment increase in accordance with the increase of organizational cynicism. In this sense, it can be predicted that although the employees in textile sector reduce their normative behaviour and continue to work just for their personnel interests, they try to make themselves feel positive because of the fact that employees spend their all day in their organizations. Therefore, it can be concluded that they feel positive as they freely express their cynical attitudes.
It is thought that conducting similar researches in future studies in different sectors, which are not limited to the textile sector, may help to draw a general profile of the city in terms of all sectors. In addition, it is thought that the expansion of similar studies on the sector basis, first in the city, then in the region and then in the country, will provide an opportunity to compare various sectors with each other as well as drawing a sector-based national framework. In this sense, top management teams would be more conscious about the steps they should take to increase organizational commitment.