COVID-19 Pandemic: Impacts on Small Businesses, Tourism, and International Students Globally: A Review

COVID 19 pandemic has substantially affected the globalized world. It has emerged as the black swan subsequent to the economic crisis of World War II, which has had a rippled effect on the healthcare sector as well as business infrastructure globally. To analyze the impact it has had on the overall globalized world, this research was performed. Using the descriptive research design, this research assessed the impact of COVID 19 on small businesses, tourism, as well as international students. The survey was performed where the individuals from different demographic backgrounds were analyzed. This included the individuals belonging to the small businesses, the tourism sector, as well as the educational sector with operations that are held internationally. The survey showed that individual across the three-sector has substantially been affected. This was due to the restricted mobilization, which affected the trade as well as traveling. The international students further experienced emotional distress and found their life to be affected. However, the research also revealed that the businesses that worked online proliferated as a result of COVID 19.

belonged to the Asia continent, where the number of individual belonging to tourist sector was most prominent.  ISSN 2222-1905(Paper) ISSN 2222-2839(Online) Vol.13, No.6, 2021 92  International students were more worry about their graduation status and about their visa, optional practical training (OPT) opportunities were harder to obtained or sometimes canceled; either return back to home (if this is an option because of the border closings); living far away from loved ones without having strong network support; If dormitories were closed it was difficult to find a proper place to live, many students have loosed the jobs and some places do not have banking facilities because of the lockdown, so families were not able to send them money. One of an US international student and has completed multiple degrees and now working as a psychologist in the American University counseling center, according to him there were many complex factors such as, uncertainties and a sense of isolation because of Covid-19 that highly affect the mental health or many people especially international students. She who was doing master's in counseling in Thailand from Pakistan agrees that her academics were highly affected during this period, and so as mental health and personal life. During her internship period, she was counseling international students. Because of this outbreak, she observed that many students were experiencing similar effects. Another Indian students stated that the biggest fear among the international students was that they find no hope of being with their loved ones soon because of the flights' suspension. Moreover, she said her family is divided in three countries. This makes her more anxious and she was following news of all three places. Despite several negative aspects, many international students have illustrated the adaptability and admirable resilience during these times. When students get support from their universities and from their loved ones will be able to maintain their mental health.

Regression analysis
The overall findings show the significant impact of the COVIA 19 on the individual performance concerning the small business, international student's performance as well as torusm sector showing the significant impact.

Impact of COVID on Tourism
Business tours or business trips are somehow same in terms of events tourism education (Xiong et al., 2020). However, the difference lies in the event 'very essence, but mechanisms are mostly the same. Because of this fact Dubai and Abu Dhabi are considered as the most essential business centers for tour production (Xiong et al., 2020;Zhamgaryan, 2017). Many business congresses, conferences and diplomatic visits including the major business tourisms' drivers (Xiong et al., 2020). In tourism management and tourism infrastructure distinguish some principles on which many countries are rely on product topologies, territoriality research, tourism, also when there is an involvements of the public as well as private travel agencies along with the available companies, recreational opportunities, resources, service offers and tourist flows, selection of the tourism agency independently along with an independent choice of tourism agencies (Reitsamer & Brunner-Sperdin, 2017). In this industry, an opportunity European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905(Paper) ISSN 2222-2839(Online) Vol.13, No.6, 2021 provided to world leaders through outsourcing in business tourism where they can communicate with their clients quickly and solve multiple problems, such as the global issue COVID-19 pandemic.
In order to survive, travel agencies efficiently use their all resources (Kuznetsov & Kizyan, 2017). Through competitiveness ensure that survival is a dynamic process which aim is to get gain for long-term (Xiong et al., 2020). In the hospitality industry, the aim of managing corporate competitiveness is to establish sustainable competitiveness benefits at recovers the agencies' position and allow to perform financial activities in this postpandemic environment (Nukusheva et al., 2020).
According to many studies the competitiveness in this industry emphasis the significance of support and infrastructure service to maintain the sustainability of the environment (Croes, 2010;Xiong et al., 2020;Mihalicˇ, 2013;Zehrer et al., 2016).Competitiveness sector also includes managing of tourist behavior (Reisinger et al., 2019). Prior researches depend on survey tourism experts and important stakeholders of tourism (Andrades and Dimanche, 2019).
A research used a mixed-method to measure the industry's' competitiveness in Iran i.e. quantitative and qualitative methods (Boroomand et al., 2019). Others established their own indices to measure the competitiveness of the industry. For example, data taken from the competitiveness index of the Travel and tourism by the WEF to determine the industry competitiveness (Gómez-Vega and Picazo-Tadeo, 2019). While some authors used alternate information's sources (Gu et al., 2019;Lopes et al., 2018). The global country's tourism industry is highly affected by COVID-19.
The United Nations World Tourism Organization State that till May,2020 all the worldwide traveling were restricted because of the pandemic that has highly affected the each and every sector of the tourism industry such as, cruise lines, airlines, restaurants, hotels, attraction places such as, cultural heritage, protected areas, and national parks) tour operators travel agencies and online travel agencies. Micro firms, small and medium-size industries, which includes large tourism sectors, which covers 80% of the entire tourism sector, without having substantial support many people may not survive during the crises the entire tourism supply chain is domino affected by this pandemic and equally affected the other sectors such as fisheries, agriculture, and creative industries. In the MICE industry loss of jobs has affected the women and the indigenous population and youth disproportionately. Women operating companies and MICE operation companies are often small in size and having a minimum financial resource to survive during the crisis. In the tourism sector women holds some frontline positions such as, front desk and housekeeping staff, which put them at high risk (Gössling, Scott, & Hall, 2020). World Bank state that, it is expected that World GDP is going to decline in 2020 by 5.21 percent (in 2019 the decline rate was 2.38 percent and going to raise in 2021 by 4.16 percent. however, the United Arab Emirates' GDP dynamics will encompass of -4.5 percent (comparing with 2019 GDP rate which will raise by 1.7 percent), and in 2021 it is expected to rise by 1.4 percent according to World Bank 2020. According to World Tourism Organization (2020), the promotion responsibility is taken by United Nation agency and also responsible to sustain and accessible tourism sector universally, as compare to 2019 the international tourism sector down fall was seen by 44% Figure. 1: International tourist % (Source: WTO, 2020), According to the figure 1, in January -April 2020 the significant decrease is seen in international arrivals experienced in the Pacific and Asia region by 51% and in Europe 44% and Middle East by 40%. The decline in international arrivals is also seen in America by 36% and Africa by 35% (Thakur & Jain, 2020; UNWTO, June 22, European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905(Paper) ISSN 2222-2839(Online) Vol.13, No.6, 2021 97 2020). In initial may, three possible scenarios were suggested by UNWTO which shows the reduction in the entire international arrivals from 58 percent to 78 percent, depending on when the restrictions will be removed. In the middle of May when traveling resumes there is an increase in the amount of international arrivals increases. This includes the introduction of some extra safety and policies that were established regarding hygiene and safety aim to resume domestic traveling as well (World Tourism Organization, 2020b). Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Southeastern Asia Southern are those regions that experienced biggest drop in the international tourism

Impact of COVID 19 on Small Businesses.
The reason for the major health crisis with frequent disastrous magnitudes and disturbed features of social and trade operations worldwide is labelled as Covid-19 pandemic, pushing around fifty percent of the global financial process under pressure. Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) offer 70% of entire jobs, but with limited resources to handle the blizzard, putting them in to the category of helplessness due to the catastrophe, with the intensity growing for those in the third world countries and small island territories. The extensive closure of retail outlets and operations in the US and across the globe because of coronavirus is exceptional. Retail outlets, industries and operations went nonfunctional by a compulsive strategy, reduce want, health issues or rest of the elements. Numerous of such closings might go long-lasting due to the incapability of proprietors to bear the operational expenditures and persist the closure. The influence on minor companies across the globe is being predicted more intense.
The initial impact of COVID-19 on minor companies and businesspersons are yet to know due to the scarcity of information pertaining to the business with in time by the government. The article discourses this restriction by inventing guesstimates of the several of proprietors from monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) micro data records. Utilizing this information within time, I inspect as to what is the COVID-19 influence minor business proprietors in middle-April 2020-the initial month to reduce the dissemination shelter-in-place constraints in the US. Later it extend the evaluation to add further two months in many regions that set boundaries initiated to reduce those limitations. CPS information are utilized for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) to trace the joblessness ratio, and have been utilized in past investigations to examine the devotions of the proprietors (e.g., Wang, 2019;Xiong et al., 2020;Thakur & Jain, 2020). The CPS seizures the recent operation activities of the proprietors, and whether that proprietor is operating in present time. Therefore, the quantity of active proprietors can be included in the information, but informing whether the operations shutdown is for the time being or long lasting is difficult. Number of the inactive operation proprietors, however, appear to be nonoperational for long lasting basis, particularly if the COVID-19 persuaded decline is sustained. Even transitory cessations affected by the pandemic are difficult as they translate revenue lost to the proprietors in that non-operational time.
This research reveal that initial assessment of the initial-stage properties of COVID-19 on small business proprietors form CPS microdata. It was discover that the quantity of operational proprietors plunged from 15.0 million in 2 nd month of 2020 to about 11.7 million in 4 th month 2020 due to the pandemic COVID-19 directives as well as health-and economic-driven mandate transferals. The harm of 3.3 million functional proprietors (or 22%) was the major decline in files. When preparing on operational unevenly 2 or 4 days in a week, the damages are unfluctuating bigger (28 percent and 31 percent, respectively). Entire working hour hours for proprietors reduced by 29 percent. Though combined industries are more development oriented and steady, they faced a decline of 20 percent from February2020 to April 2020. Outlines across gender, race, and settler status appears to be highly concerned. African-Americans faced the huge losses, reducing 41 percent of functional proprietors. Latin also faced huge losses with 32 percent of proprietors with uncertain activities between Februarys as well as for April 2020. Settler proprietors agonized a huge decline of 36% in operational activities and female proprietors faced an unequal decline of 25 percent.
Outlets in whole country were shunted down because of the COVID-19 directed constraints particularly in in April. Retail business display a decrease of 108,000 proprietors in April on behalf of 10% of February 2020 levels. Functional proprietors in Retail business are simply somewhat decrease, though, in May and June. Cafes faced a decrease of 22% in April even though multiple of them left open revolved to take-out or home delivery facilities. The segment has faced enduring small operational activities for the upcoming two months. The wide segment of Arts, travel and hotels was harmed particularly firm decline of 35% in functional proprietors in April and necessarily no recovery.
Together high-and low expert services were smash tough by COVID-19. Individual and Washing Services were particularly smashed hard with a loss of 79 percent of business proprietors' activities in April and enduring damages of 48 percent in May as well as 26 percent in June. Conveyance services which contains taxi and few Uber drivers plunged by 22% in April, but moderately recovered in following months. Higher expert services, like economical Activities and Proficient and Business facilities, lost 12% and 18%, respectively. Even healthcare facilities faced a plunged of 16%. All three faced moderate recoveries in May and June.
It is also likely to classify the segments into necessary compare to unnecessary as per the region or domestic government strategies, though there is a loads of alterations in the strategies in the context of precise business segments. Delaware State offers the highly thorough and widespread list of necessary operations segments at the 4-digit industry stage and tracks the same 4-digit industry codes as the CPS (North American Industry Classification System, NAICS)6 The categorization seems to be flawed, however, as per the details, implementation, convenience of the proprietors, and healthcare and finance related clients' response differ throughout the country. Utilizing this classification, "necessary" business segment covers 76% of business proprietors. Losses in the quantity of operational business proprietors are less for necessary business at 17% in April equated with 38% between unnecessary business segments (as anticipated). Though both clusters of business proprietors faced some moderate recoveries, the quantity of operational business proprietors in necessary business segments was decreased by 10 percent in May and 5 percent in June, and the quantity in unnecessary business segments was decreased by 28 percent in May and 17 percent in June.
The initial assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on the quantity of business proprietors from country wise representation in April-June 2020 CPS information refers intense initial level declines in minor business activities. The quantity of functional business proprietors in America dropped from 15.0 million to 11.7 million for the critical 2-month gap from February to April 2020. No additional 1-, 2-, or even 12-month gap of period has ever display that huge alteration in the operational activities. For evaluation, from the beginning to end of the Great Recession the quantity of functional business proprietors reduced by 730,000 demonstrating only a 5% decrease. Overall, business proprietors are comparatively stable for the business round (Parker, 2018). The loss of 3.3 million functional business proprietors (or 22 percent) was consist of of big declines in necessary sub clusters, like proprietors operating near about two days in a week (28 percent), Proprietors operating four days in a week (31 percent), and combined businesses (20 percent) When observed entirely in hours functioned by all business proprietors there was a decline of 29 percent.
It is well-established that COVID 19 has had a substantial adverse impact across the different sectors of the world (Gössling, Scott, & Hall, 2020). The pandemic was first declared by the World health organization, where the confirmed cases were found to be initially at 200 000, with an exceeding death tool of 8000 across the 1600 countries in the world. Initially, China was affected by it, which further followed Italy, and then Europe, spreading across the different regions of the world (Xiong et al., 2020). Studies have presented that the economies (nationally) are substantially affected by the international, regional as well as local travel restrictions such as the domestic tourism, day visits, international travel, along with different segments such as the air transport, the cruise, public transport, accommodation as well as conventions, meetings, festivals as well as sports events (Gössling, Scott, & Hall, 2020. The recovery endures in June 2020 raising the tally to additional seven percentage points. The plunge in business proprietor activities from February to June is 8%. Though the recovery displays a broad emergence of small businesses, it endures to signify an exceptionally big decline in the business activities for the temporary timeframe. Prominently, the declines in the operational activities in April, May, and June signify huge revenue losses to business proprietors that cannot be completely recuperated. African -American business proprietors experienced the highest plunged by COVID -19. The initial assessments from April 2020 for African American business proprietors in America signify a huge decline of 41% in business activities. African American business proprietors were also unreasonably depressingly affected in May and June compare to the entire country levels in business activities of 26% and 19%, separately. Estimations signify that the business segments distribution of African American was partially accountable, engaging African American business proprietors at high uncertain level of losses in business activities because of the pandemic. Latinx European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905(Paper) ISSN 2222-2839(Online) Vol.13, No.6, 2021 industries were also experienced huge losses by COVID-19 dropping by 32% in functional business proprietors in April, 19% in May, and 10% in June. Asian business proprietors faced a 26% dropped in business activities throughout the crucial two months' gap, and endured losses operational activities by 21% in May and 10% in June. Calculation assessed also non supportive facts for the business distributions for Latinx, but the proof is minimum transparent for Asians. Settler business proprietors were also distressed with losses of 36% of business activities in April. Continued uneven losses were experienced in May (25%) and June (18%). Though industry disseminations located few clusters at maximum uncertainty of shunted in the pandemic, variances in the scale of trades are probably a main reason for uneven losses between small business proprietors, which are smaller normally (Fairlie & Robb, 2008;U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). Bigger businesses are highly possible to have the capitals, business, and permitted structure, and revenues to apply measures to handle social distancing SOPs for functioning and recovering the operational activities during the pandemic.
The undesirable initial level influence on small business or the business owned by the settlers, if endured, can be difficult for widespread racism disparity due to the significance of minor business for domestic occupation generation (unreasonably signing rest of the minorities), financial development, and longer-term prosperity disparity (Boston, 1999(Boston, , 2006Bradford, 2003Bradford, , 2014Fairlie & Robb, 2008;Stoll, Raphael, & Holzer, 2001). With huge losses in operational activities in April and endured losses in May and June, even these sufferers were lesser, business proprietors have by now missed considerable quantity of revenues from their businesses. If an entire recovery does favors sooner than the persistent financial results can be more intense. Several minority business proprietors will not have the sources to whether lengthy closings, decrease demand from healthcare apprehensions, and a more widespread slump. The recent Census information signify that the average level of wealth between African American families is $13,000 and Latinx families is $20,000 equated with $139,000 between white families (U.S. Census Bureau, 2015). The initial assessment of initial level influence on functional female business proprietors are also annoying. Female business proprietorship is considerably lesser than male business proprietorship and female owned businesses have lesser incomes, personnel, and earnings normally (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). The uneven losses in the initial three months to the activities by female business proprietors will simply develop gender biasness in business proprietors and possibly larger financial variation.
The subsequent necessary query is whether the closures of small operations are for the time being or are long lasting. The government has been answering to apprehensions for the prolonged tenure impact on small industries with the help of multiple initiatives. The leading initiative is the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) which has therefore far allotted over $650 billion to assist industries. Additional leading initiative is the Economic Injury Disaster Loan program by the Small Business Management, which offer more than $150 billion as of July 2020. Foundations and private organizations are also initiating to participate in the aid struggles. For instance, Magic Johnson Enterprises is offering a $100 million obligation to minority-and female-retained companies left out of the PPP program. One more current instance, is the PayPal, in partnership with the Association for Enterprise Opportunity, invented a $10 million fund to assist the African American proprietors, and Google is promising $175 million on funding and supporting African American companies. Can these initiatives assist small companies persist the hindrances and closures because of the coronavirus pandemic, or will further support be required? More everlasting form shunted of small companies in America are possibly to have a drastic impact on human resources losing their jobs, more earning disparity, and participating to lengthy stagnation. But, the compromises from elevating the limitations on recovering of businesses on healthcare influences are yet to be known and of apprehension provided for COVID-19 cases have been escalating throughout the summer (CDC, 2020b).

International students and COVID-19
Covid-19 was initially detected in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and has rapidly spread in all the countries and territories and severely affected the entire world. While completing this essay, around 380,000 death were reported from Covid-19 and 6 million new cases were registered worldwide (World Health Organization, 2020). According to health authorities, more than 90,000 cases and 8K deaths were reported from Covid-19. However, these statistics have staggering incredibly, and at this time considering this pandemic as a global health crisis .health experts determine that this disease is affecting every type of human being irrespective of gender, sex, race, class, the ethnicity of other social markers (WHO, 2020). However, there are some specific groups of people who are more vulnerable to this pandemic such as, older adults, indigenous people, low-income families, and people who are already going through some chronic and immune diseases (WHO, 2020). International students are also included in the list of those people who are highly vulnerable to this pandemic, who are harshly affected by the disease economically and socially by their migration status' virtue. Government policy responses are making focused on medical intervention for vaccine creation in order to minimize the spread of this disease (WHO, 2020), and implement emergency legislation such as social distancing, border closures and lockdowns that helps to stop the spread of this disease. Following government organization, international universities also closed their European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905(Paper) ISSN 2222-2839(Online) Vol.13, No.6, 2021 institutes because of the current health situation To alleviate the economic and the social cost of the pandemic, the government is providing some social and financial relief to their vulnerable population. For instance, in Canada, these social and financial programs were organized by Canada Emergency Response Funds (CERB) and provide much Canadian social and economic security (The Globe and Mail, 2020). Unfortunately, international students cannot avail these relief programs as they are non-permanent residents. According to many studies, students from developing countries are already going through life circumstances such as, financial crises (e.g. Choudaha, 2017;McGill, 2013;Varghese, 2008). During the lockdown period and campus shutdown, many international students were gone through a sever state of anxiety and social and psychological distress, involving (1) sense of personal self-worth, (2) emotional distress,(3) academic performance affected (4) loss of interpersonal contacts (Miller, 2011;Regehr, 2011).
Moreover, it is also reported that there is an increase seen in prejudice, racism, and xenophobia that has highly affected international students' mental health.
Because of this pandemic many universities and colleges are now conducting their class online, as compared to domestic students, this mode of learning was more challenging for international students. According to the respondents, distant learning adds more stress in learning and people find this method more difficult to understand the concept when important things were even harder while seeing them on screen.

Conclusion
The findings have showed that there is a significant impact of the pandemic outbreak has led to the substantial downturn on the individuals. The impact is precisely high for the individuals that belong to the small business sector, are international students or operate in the tourism sector. However, there was no such negative impact of this pandemic on some international students and they even prefer it. Since this pandemic has left some adverse effect on the mental health of international students, and it has been recommended that universities should provide online counseling services. Many campuses have found this challenging and moving their online counseling service and providing counseling by phone, email, or video calls with no fee. There was some major issue possessed in online counseling. One of the major problematic issues faced by an international students who returned back to their homeland, licensing bodies were not allowed to provide counseling services to their clients in other provinces, states, and countries. Hence, students were not getting therapeutic services from their universities and may have discontinued their online counseling sessions. The survey showed that individual across the three sector has substantially been affected. This was due to the restricted mobilization which affected the trade as well as travelling. The international students further experienced emotional distress and found their life to be affected. However, the research also revealed that the businesses that worked online proliferated as a result of COVID 19.