Determinant of Factors that Affect the Rural-Urban Migration on Rural Communities of Bonga Town: Cross Sectional Data

This study examined the Determinant of Factors that Affect the Rural-Urban Migration on Rural Communities of Bonga Town of south west region which is the capital city of Kafa Zone and 449 km from Addis Ababa. The general objective of the study is to assess examined the determinant of factors that affect the Rural-Urban Migration on Rural Communities of Bonga Town. The specific objectives were to examine the determinant of factors that affect the Rural-Urban on rural communities. Migration is the movement of population from one area to another area. The researches were used Primary and secondary data. The study used descriptive method to describe and interpret the details of determinant of Factors that Affect the Rural-Urban Migration on Rural Communities. The representative population is selected by using Simple random samplings. The sample used in these studies is 80s, which are selected from total migrates of selected kebeles. In order to identify the determinant factors for rural-urban migration the gathered information was analyzed by using SPSS and presented in descriptive form. The migrants are involved in their own work on shopping and daily labor work at expense of psychological benefits due to drop out of their permanently work, culture of society. They have collected insufficient amount of money which they invested in their rural origin. Therefore, stockholders especially government should consider the challenge and prospects of rural-urban migration while scheming development plan.


Introduction
Migration is the movement of population from one place to another place. In history, rural-urban migration has been connected with industrialization, urbanization and economic growth. Migration of people from rural to urban areas has various socio-economic, political, demographic, ecological and environmental implications. Earlier development economists, such as, Lewis (1954) andRains& Fie (1955) regarded it an important factor in the economic development of developing countries. Rural-urban migration is considered as a balancing factor in the dualistic developing economy as it helps in transferring manpower from low income activities of rural sector to higher ones of urban sector and thus, narrows down the rural-urban gap.
Rural-urban migration eases intersect oral factor mobility and plays a vital role for structural changes. Moreover, migration has also been a important livelihood and survival strategy for many poor groups across the Less developed countries, mostly in Africa. In Africa, migration has been considered as a way of life where the people migrate from one place to another place due to political, socio-economic and demographic reasons. Migration from rural areas accounted for at least half of all urban population growth in Africa during the 1960s and 1970s and about 25% of urban growth in the 1980s and 1990s (Adepoju,1997).
Ethiopia is one of the countries in Africa with the country of a relatively high level of internal migration and population redistribution .This was associated with the country's economic transition from a socialist to a market oriented economy; critical political changes since the 1970s though 1990s; civil war; and famine (Kidane, 1989), (Kibreab, 1960); (Berahanu and White, 2000).Migration with in Ethiopia borders had been common as well, mainly in the form of rural-urban migration flows. Present migration patterns in Ethiopia are driven by the similar factors that led to historic migration flows.
The Determinant of rural-urban migration with respect to either aggravating or relaxing the incidence and intensity of house hold poverty remained a core research area. Ethiopia is one of the countries in sub-Sahara African experiencing high level of population pressure, population redistributions and out migration (Mberu, 2006). These situations made the researchers to deal with the determinant factors for the people to move from their origin or rural areas and attractive reasons that make them to migrate to the town of Bonga, since it is one of the urban cities in SNNPR regional state of the nation.

Statement of the problem
The study of migration is a vital issue in diverse fields which comes out not only from the people's movement from one place to another but also considers its influence on living aspects of individuals as well as town growth. In a comprehensive sense, it is the rearrangement of dwelling of several period and natures. Migration from rural place to urban place is one of the key causes of fast and unintended expansion of cities and towns.
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online) Vol.11, No.9, 2020 For Less developed countries, the internal migration rate was always higher in case of rural-urban migration, a distinguishing selectivity with respect to age, sex, caste, marital status, education, occupation etc. crop up and the inclination of migration diverge significantly among these socio-economic groups (Lee, 1966;Sekhar, 1993). There were many researchers who try to establish some uniformly applicable migration patterns for all nations. But, only migration by age has been found to be more or less alike for developed as well as developing nations.
Most of the study initiate that adult males were more motivated to migrate than other people of the community. Some studies depicted that determinants of migration differ from one country to another country, even within a country and the values were depending on the socio-economic, demographic and cultural factors. High unemployment rate, low income, high population growth, unequal distribution of land, demand for higher schooling, prior migration patterns, and dissatisfaction with housing, natural disasters have been identified some of the well-known determinants of migration (Nabi, 1992;Sekhar, 1993). The problem of rural to urban migration is a relatively old and universal phenomenon globally. Nevertheless, in current years, it has become a cause of concern at the global, regional and national levels.
The movement of people from one place to another place is an significant component of population change which has its own spatial as well as temporal characteristics. This movement results in district but not an easily explicable flow patter over the time and space spectrums. It is the spatial characteristics that are importance for geographers.
The Rural-urban migration is ongoing to occur at high points as people seek new opportunities in the city to escape rural poverty. Ethiopians urban centers have high unemployment rates. The fast rate of urbanization is primarily caused by poor rural living situations and persistent famine forcing rural populations to migrate to towns in search of alternative livelihoods (Vaan DijkandFranses, 2008.p.3).
Rural-urban migration trend in Ethiopia can be clarified by a number of push and pull factors. The country has experienced accelerated movement of population towards the capital city as well as other regional capital and zonal towns. In addition to pull and push factors can be taken as the major causes of migration (Ibid).
The main push factors for migration includes: famine, drought, poor infrastructure facilities and services like living conditions, housing, healthcare, low agricultural productivity, income, unemployment, etc. In addition to push there are also pull factors such as: Employment opportunity, expected higher income, better social services, urban facilities and way of life. As the researcher think, even if there are related studies, there is no research conducted particularly on determinants of rural-urban migration in Bonga town.
This study has high significant to make clear factors that determine the choice of whether to migrate or not to migrate and the research give bird eye knowledge about the determinant of rural urban migration. It may also serve as further reference for the future researchers for intending to conduct their study on this topic.
The study need to investigate and collect a meaningful data based on the information on determinates of rural to urban migration or factors that motivates rural people to decide to migrate in the study and migration in Ethiopia as a whole. Even though it is important to deal with the rural to urban migration in Ethiopia, the study was delimited to Bonga town with the specific concepts of rural to urban migration.
This study consists of five chapters. It starts with an introduction section consisting of background, statement of the problem, objective of the study, scope of the study and limitations. The second chapter deals with review of both theoretical and empirical literature. The third chapter deals with source of data and methodology of the study. The fourth chapter deals with data analysis and data presentations. The last chapter appeared consisting of the conclusion and some recommendation

LITERATURE REVIEW THEORETICAL LITERATURE REIVEW
Migration is classified in to different aspects. It might be internal and external or immigration and emigration. Internal migration is affecting to a new home within the state or country. External migration is movement of migration to a new home in different state, country or continent. Immigration is moving in to new country while emigration is leaving one country to move to other country. Typically, migration is divided in to: rural-urban migration, urban-rural migration and urban-urban migration. These types of migration are of the internal migration that the movement of one place in the side of the country to another side within the state (national geographic society, 2005).
The Lewis Dual-sector model basically states that there is the existence of excess labor in the rural agricultural sector; therefore, people migrate to the industrial sector to obtain employment (MC Carty, 2004). Also, the urban manufacturing sector demands labor transfer so as to rise its productivity. In the contemporary sectors the migrants are thought to be attracted due to improved wage. Migrant will move even if that migrant ends up by being unemployment or receives a lower urban wages than rural wages (Todaro, 1976: 31).
In 1996, Lewis revised the basic push-pull concept. He developed a "general schema in to which a variety of spatial movements can be placed" (Lewis 1966:49). He also tried to figure out a number of conclusions with regard to the factors in the act of migration, the volume of migration, the development of steams and counter streams, and the characteristics of migrants. With regard to the factors in the act of migration he divided in to "push" factors (factors associated with the area of origin), "pull" factors (factors associated with the area of destination), interviewing obstacles and personal factors (Lewis, 1966:50).
In the Harris -Todaro migration model was regarded as an adjustment mechanism by which workers allocate themselves between different labor markets, particular of which are sited in urban areas and rural areas, although attempting to maximize their estimated incomes. The migrants could migrate, however their present income in place of origin is higher than in place of end. This is because the migrants "anticipation for a better wage that would be able to recompense previous loses in the long run (Todaro and Smith, 2003).
Ethiopia has knowledgeable political instability, war, famine and economic hardship over the course of its history. As a outcome, Ethiopia has identified many types of migration over the years. It has been both an origin and destination country for either voluntary or involuntary migrants and many migrants have also used it as a transits area. Moreover, Ethiopia has known large internal migration flows.
Present migration in Ethiopia is driven by the same factors that had to past migration flows. As was described in the previous chapters, past Ethiopian migration flows were mainly generated by political violence, poverty, famine, and limited opportunities. But, it is evident from existing studies approximately 50 to 70 percent of the population migrates provisionally or lastingly (Mberu, 2006). Sjaastad (1962) developed that, the popular general hypotheses regarding the causes of human migration. Sjaastad microeconomic theory of migration is often referred to as human capital theory or the theory of investment in man. He treats migration decision as an investment one involving costs and returns (both private and social) distributed over time. In deciding to move, the migrants seek to maximize their net real life span incomes. While Sjaastad's human capital theory applies to the issue of migration in a more general case interregional and international migration in both developed, and less developed countries, another two theoretical papers. Todaro (1969) and Harris and Todaro (1970) base their models on a similar neoclassical framework but with greater focus on human migration in developing countries. In fact, the Harris-Todaro model is one of the most well-known models in the field of development and welfare economics.

Empirical Literature Review
Echoing Lucas and Stark, Hoddinott (1994) establish suggestion from west Kenya that wealthier parents, who can offer a greater reward for remittances, extracted a larger share of migrant earnings through remittances. He also found evidence that the credibility of the parental threat to reduce future bequests had a positive effect on remittances, controlling for migrants' earnings. Evidences from the theoretical and the empirical reviews proofs about responsible factors for the increasing trend of rural to urban migration across the world. Accordingly among the socio economic factors like education, family size in the household goes to be positive effect on rural to urban migration.

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The data for the study have been obtained from primary and secondary data sources. Primary sources of data are collected from primary respondent through interview and questioner. Whereas the secondary data source is collected from interviewing available literatures, books, journals, and other related to the study The sampling techniques that the researcher used out from four kinds of probability sampling: stratified random sampling methods have been employed. Because this method of data collection is simple and to avoid the probability of making personal bias. It would easier for the researchers to administer and number of the unit is simple for the given cost. Because of the same characteristics of migrants the researcher only selected (3) kebeles of town randomly among 5 kebeles found in the town those are Kebele 1 from 8,516 there are 150 migrants, Kebele 2 from 6,400 there are 90 migrants and Kebele 3 from 9,458 there are160 migrants. The total numbers of migrants are 400.This study applies a simplified formula as used by Yamane, (1967) to determine the required sample size at 90% confidence level, and level of precision =10%.

DATA ANALAYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
This indicates the results that come from the sample respondents of the questionnaires' and interview. The observed result can help with providing information about current problem of determinants of rural urban migrations in Bonga town.
Generally, the study shows the most migrants are those who are economically active age between 20-30 years, whereas the smallest migrates where those whose ages lies less than 20years.This indicates that, since migrates those age lies between 21-30 years are productive force they are migrated for seek of job opportunities in Bonga town. But those below 20 years participants are less because most of them are not migrates they are guided by their family. Regarding to the age characteristics of migrants 32.5 % of the respondents are whose age level ranges from 20-30 years. 30% of the migrants are those their age level ranges between 30-39 and 25%, 10% of the respondents are whose age level ranges between 40-49 and 50-59 years respectively.

Graph: the general characteristics of respondents on marital status
Source own survey, 2019 Regarding to the marital status of the migrants, (73.8%) from the total respondents are married, (17%) of them are unmarried, (6.3%) of them respondents are represented by divorced and2.5% are widowed. From this information in the case of marital status the most migrants are those who are married in order to search job opportunity, basic social service, to change or improve their family living standards they are migrated to the town. Whereas the smallest migrants are widowed, this indicates that they are less indecision making to migrants. Graph: the general characteristics of respondent based on educational level.

Source own survey, 2019
As shown in the above bar graph, the educational level of the respondents about(23%) of the respondents are those who have degree program in different profession.(20%) of the respondents are those who can't read and write. whereas 18%, 17%, 8.8% of respondents are whose education level is masters ,certificate and secondary respectively.
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online) Vol.11, No.9, 2020 14 Educations have played a critical role in improving the living standards of the family. Generally regarding to education the most important they decided to migrate is to get suitable condition and better income. Graph: Income of respondents before came to town Source own survey, 2019 The above Bar chart indicates the respondent's annual income before they leave their residence. Accordingly, more of the respondent's annual income before they migrated to the town lies between 0-2000 birr or 74% of the respondent's annual income before migration is less than 2000 birr. And 17.5% of the respondent's annual income before migration is lies their age between 2001-4000 birr. Those respondents their annual income lies between 4001-6000 and 6001-8000 are 5% and2.5% from the total respondents. As of the respondents annual income before they migrated back ground entails, less of the respondents or individuals annual income before migration account only 1.3% is those their income is greater than 8000 birr. .0 The table above shows the respondents annual income back ground after they migrated into the town. As the table indicate that 58.8% of the respondent annual income after migration categorized under the annual income category between7001-10000 birr and 18.8% of the respondents. Annual income after migration lies on the income category of 10001-15000birr.And from the above table that respondents annual income after they migrated in to the town is higher as compared with their annual income before migration areas. The major determinant factors that forces or motivates the people to move from their origin of place are pushing and pulling factors. These factors play a significant role in the decision ming of an individual to leave the birth place or the origin of place As stated earlier in the theory, there are many problems that happened to the migrants when they came to the town. Their expectation is to get higher wage or income, job opportunity, urban facilities and way of life, better social services such as health care, education, clean water, transport, etc. However, their expectation being failed due to the exploitation of population in the town and they became unemployed. Due to the problems of limited employment opportunity, rising cost of living, lack of shelter, in adequate supply of consumer goods, inadequate social service faced them in the urban areas, most of the migrants are becoming, lack of employment opportunities, poor living condition, population growth and civil war. Rural-urban migration has cost and benefits on urbanization and socio economic activities.
Rural to urban migration decreases population in rural places, which reductions farming activities, leading to food insecurity. Rural to urban migration can central to child labor when many young males leave for towns in search of employment. This causes a drop in school enrollment. Rural to urban migration also reasons overcrowding in urban ares, which leads to a straining on social amenities.

CONCULUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusion
As stated earlier, rural-urban migration has been connected with urbanization, industrialization and economic growth. Rural-urban migration eases intersect oral factor mobility and play a great role for structural changes.
At the same time, Bonga town also has been experiencing high rate of in migration from rural areas of the woreda because of its location on the main road. Such observations make us the researchers interested to explore the situation and identify the cause or determinant of rural urban migration to the town of Bonga.
According to data collected, more of the migrants who account 20% of the respondents are illiterate. The respondent's reason out that low agricultural income, unemployment, lack of social service and low agricultural land and land degradation resulted in migration. On the other side of pushing factors such as unemployment which accounts 8.8% is the main factor that forces the people to leave their origin of place.
As the migrants response, higher wage in urban area, the existence of formal sectors and presence of relative migrated to the town were the major factors that motivate or attract the migrants to come to the town of Bonga. From the attractive factors, higher wage in urban area which accounts for 20% is the major factors that determine the movement of the migrants. According to the respondents description from 80 respondent's large proportion of respondent's main source of information is friends which account 40% of the respondents. Additionally, for 25% of respondents get information about the town by making contact with people who know the town.
Regarding to the respondents estimated annual income, more of the respondent's annual income before they migrated to the town lies between 0-2000 birr or 59% .About 58.8% annual income after migration is categorized under annual income category of 7001-10000 birr. This indicates that respondents annual income after they migrated in to the town is higher as compared with their annual income before migration.

Recommendation
As the finding and the conclusion study shows, the researchers adopt the following recommendations. Though, the existence of high rural-urban migration results in higher unemployment in urban areas and aggregate illegal practicing and crimes in urban centers. It needs much more focus to drop low of rural to urban migrations. Therefore, in order to curtail the entire stated problems, the study recommends that facilitating infrastructural sectors such as: good road, electricity, clean water, sound be provided in rural areas.
 Vocational training of the rural people on small scale industries (non-farm) activities that could generate an income for the rural household should be introduced in rural areas .Migrants rely in asymmetric information about the destination. If migration is inevitable, providing complete information can make the migrants more aware about their destination before making the decision& sustainable effort should be made at grassroots level to increase awareness and bring attitudinal change for the non-economic factors.
 Made available job in their areas of origin to reduce migrants whose main target is to accruing job in the town, for instance, Agricultural industries must be set up in the rural areas.
 Agricultural inputs and farming technology such as mechanization should be introduced to the rural people to improve the low agricultural income.
 Wage difference b/n rural & urban area also key cause for migrant so, the equilibrium wage should be made that rural urban workers payee will reduce people to migrate.