Assessment of improved latrine ownership among heads of households in Lindi District Council, Tanzania

Abstract

Improved sanitation is essential for public health, environmental sustainability, and socio-economic development. In rural Tanzania, however, many communities still face significant barriers to owning improved latrines, particularly in low-income settings such as Lindi District Council. This study assessed the ownership of improved latrines among households in Lindi and explored the underlying perceptions influencing their adoption. Four focus group discussions were conducted with purposively selected participants, stratified by latrine ownership status. Using the framework method for content analysis, the findings revealed that a lack of knowledge and technical information was the primary barrier to adoption, mentioned by 94% of participants. Cultural taboos, reported by 91%, also hindered ownership, although they did not specifically differentiate latrine types—basic pit latrines were generally considered acceptable. Ownership levels remained low, averaging only 50% even in the more economically advantaged wards studied. Inappropriate perceptions, limited awareness, and weak enforcement of sanitation laws by village leaders contributed to low improved latrine coverage. The study recommends targeted community sensitization, education campaigns, and capacity-building initiatives. In addition, increasing access to water through rainwater harvesting and groundwater development, alongside infrastructure support such as solar lighting, may enhance adoption and improve overall sanitation outcomes.

Keywords: Improved, latrines, ownership, Households in communities

DOI: 10.7176/JEES/15-3-08

Publication date: July 30th 2025