Teaching Methodology and Performance of Private and Government School Teachers: A Comparative Analysis

The research is financed by Asian Development Bank. No. 2006-A171(Sponsoring information) Abstract The study tries to seek the teaching methodology between private and government schools by using mediating variable that put influence directly on overall performance of both the sectors. In this study, primary data are used through questionnaires. The study indicates the difference of quality of education in private and government schools in Pakistan’s education system. Findings of the study show that private schools show better performance as compare to government schools. The study suggests government schools to improve the quality of education.


Introduction
For any nation educations is considered a very vital elements of monetary and community evolution and human composition. Frequently, efficacy education research claimed that the significance in class what is held on in perspective of intellectual and non-intellectual conclusion. Through education, adeptness and work rate of any individual are raised for tenable economic development (Nasir and Iqbal, 2009). To implement the free education developing countries present a short budget according to their resources to their civilians. On education, only 2% of its GNP is allocated in Pakistan (Pakistan Government, 2009). For economic development, Illiteracy is considered the central obstruction. Almost 90% students in primary level and 70% of secondary students are registered in public sector over the developing countries. Especially in developing countries, the public sector cannot maintain the quality of education due to quickly expanding population-containing Pakistan with 2.7% growth rate of population (Pakistan Government, 2010-2011. In Pakistan, the education system is an in-heritage of British law in Sub-Continent. Primary and secondary level of education is well correlated with public and private sector. At the time of independency are categorized the educational organization into two classifications (Burki, 1986). First is that Provincial government handle the public school and colleges, second is that Private school play a vital act to providing the Education through school at this time. (Shami and Hussain) claimed that in Punjab 48,541, Sindh 12,574, NWFP 11,276, Baluchistan 1750, ICT 750, FATA 640, andFANA 2861 and in AJK 2711 private organizations of education are exist and total private institute is 81,103.

Public School Performance VS Private School Performance
Mostly studies have been conducted to comparative analysis between Government and Private schools and their effectiveness. Comparative analysis between American student's performance in Math subject shows the results that private school conduct extra performed than public school (Lubiensk et al. 2006, Peterson andLlaudet 2006). As per to National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) that is delegate at the national dimensions for evaluation American's student's information in all area including Science subjects reported that Private institute performed superior rather than Public school (U.S. Department of Education 2012). However, Watkins (2006), claimed that NAEP data on the base of appearance public and private sector is not suitable to judge the performance.
In All Education Conference 1947 built three fundamental endorsements, first is Islamic Education should be compulsory, second is Elementary Education must should be free and compulsory, and last is that to focus on Technical Education. In school to improve the student's Academic favorable outcomes, Principal and teachers play a important role according to the country Culture, Ideological, Civil and Religious standards but unluckily in Pakistan these standards are not valuable.

Research Objectives
In this study is objectives are 1.
To identify the quality of Education in Private and Government school 2.
To compare the overall performance between Private and Government school

Research Question
Basic questions in this study are "Comparative analysis of Teaching Methodology between private and government school teacher on student's performance at Primary level: A case study of District Narowal Tehsil Shakargarh-Pakistan."

Data and Types
For this study, primary data are used based on questionnaire that is filled from teachers, senior teachers and head-teachers of the school. For this study, there are two groups exist; one is Private school and second is Government school. Findings are introduced through SPSS Software.

Population and Sample
Total 40 schools are used for the study in which 20 were private sector and other 20 are taken Government sector in rural areas of District Narowal Tehsil Shakargarh. Sample was taken from every school in both sector and information collected from teachers who teach their students in these education institutions.

Measurement of Variable
In this study to analyze the performance of private school and performance of government school were taken as a dependent variable, teacher method taken as an independent variable and teaching quality, teacher responsibilities, teachers efficacy are used as mediating variables.  Table 2 indicates that out of 39 respondents, 19 (50%) are Male and 19 (50%) are Females; two respondents not take information about their gender. Age respondents is 37 in which Under 25 is 16 (43%), 25-35 are 12 (33%), 35-45 are 5 (14%), 45-55 are 2 (5%) and Above 55 are 2 (5%); three are missing that not to response about age factor that show mostly response in this study are under 16 and three not take inform about your age. Of the respondents 34, intermediate are 6 (18%), Bachelor Degree holder are 12 (35%) and Master or above Degree holder are 16 (47%); that show in this study Master or Above level educators exist. Out of 36 in which 26 (72%) have job experience in 1-5 year, 6-10 year are 8 (22%) and Above 10 years are 2 (6%); 72% are those who have 1-5 year experienced and 4 are given response about your job experience. Of the 39 respondents, teachers are 26 (67%), senior teacher are 11 (28%) and head teachers are 2 (5%); that shows mostly staff designation reported as young teacher 67% out of 100%. Out of 32 monthly incomes respondent, below 15000 rupees are 7 (22%), within range 15000-25000 rupees are 8 (25%), within the range of 25000-35000 rupees are 14 (44%) and above 35000 rupees are 3 (9%). In this study, 8 respondents are not give responses.

Descriptive Statistics of Survey Items
In this study question are contained 28 items that vary from to each other's. The range of Mean score in different items from 2.53 to 4.49 and the range score of standards deviations were exist between 0.816 to 1.386 (see table 3) that is described in details.

Cronbach's Alpha Analysis
Cronbach's coefficient alpha analysis is used for to measure the reliability of the given data that data are reliable or not reliable. Table 4 represents the estimated values of Cronbach's coefficient alpha. Teaching method (alpha=0.950), Teaching quality (alpha=0.853), Teachers responsibilities (alpha=0.938), Teacher efficacy (alpha=0.700), performance in private school (alpha=0.831), performance in Government school (alpha=0.789). In shortly, higher the value of Cronbach's alpha shows higher the reliability measurement of the construct. In sample represent Cronbach's alpha value varies from (0.700 to 0.950). Table 4 represents the value of Cronbach's alpha in details. Hinton et al (2014) explained about Cronbach's alpha value for measure the reliability in SPSS that if value of Cronbach's alpha exists between (0.5 and below) shows low reliability, value is stand between the range of (0.50-0.70) say moderate reliability, Cronbach's alpha value within (0.70-0.90) shows high reliability and if values are stand between (above 0.90) then say that excellent reliability between them.

Factor Analysis
Factor analysis technique is used to reduce the data items for check the validity of the data. In order to approve the construct validity (Convergent and discriminant validity); by using Principle Components Analysis (PCA) method with Varimax Rotation Approach, the factor analysis was conducted. In Varimax rotation method, Kaiser-Meyer Olkin (KMO) measure that data are adequacy for apply in Factor Analysis. Sampling adequacy demonstration the stability of relation among variables although sphericity test are used to measure the Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.11, No.16, 2020 correlation of components.

KMO measure of Sampling Adequacy Test and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity
Kaiser-Meyer Olkin used to measure the sampling adequacy that shows the validity of teaching methodology factor analysis. KMO value varies between (0-1). 0 value of KMO indicates bigger dispersal in design of correlations and 1 value of KMO signify the design of correlation are approximately condensed. Generally, Rule of Thumb shows that KMO values 0.5 are poor, 0.6 are generally acceptable and KMO value 1 indicates better and desirable (Hinton et al., 2014).  (Hinton et al, 2014). Bartlett's test of sphericity analysis used to measure the significances of relationship between the numbers of items. Normally, p-value less than 0.05 confirmed the significant of relationship between variables. In this study, Table 5 indicates the value of P of Bartlett's test that shows all respondent are less than 0.001, which give proof against Null hypothesis of no correlations. That is valuable for run the Factor Analysis.

Eigenvalues
Eigen values measure for further analysis. Hinton et al (2014) reported that Eigen values always equal or greater than 1. Table 6 indicates all components eigenvalues and indicates the all percentage of explained variance for construct. TM (existing of seven items explained variance 77.477%), TQ (existing of three items explained variance 77.663%). TR (containing of five items explained variance 82.041%), TE (consist of three items explained variance 62.773%), PPS (including of five items explained variance 60.066%) and PGS (containing of five items explained variance 54.459%). In Table 6 in all construct the value of are greater than 1.

Factor Loadings and Correlation Analysis
In factor loading two value are existed in which one is Loading which have minimum value should be greater than 0.4 and second is Cross Loading that should not to be above 0. Before to run the regression model for analysis, firstly to measure the Pearson Correlation Analysis between the variables. Table 8 indicates the correlation value among the variables.

Regression Analysis
Regression Analysis run to measure the impact of Teaching Methodology (independent variable) on mediating variables (i.e. Teaching Quality, Teaching Responsibilities and Teacher Efficacy) and to see the effect of Mediating variables on Dependent variables (Performance of Private School and Performance of Government School). Figure 2 shows a significant relationship between the variables.

Conclusion
Education considered are a vital element in the world level that provides the social economic progress in a country. Quality of education system is meager due to valuable reasoning that Pakistan Government gives priority on quantity education nor quality of the education and try to introduce free education. As known without teaching methodology, teaching quality, teaching responsibilities and teacher efficacy cannot improve the quality of educations in the country. Source of person preferred to Private school instead of Government school, so Government should to focus on quality of education not quantity of education. Present study in this paper indicates the result that Performance in Private school is much satisfied as compared the Performance in Government School. For this study sample are taken in 20 private school and 20 in Government school which are based on questionnaire. A case of District Narowal Tehsil Shakargarh.