The Development of Writing Learning Model Based on the Arces Motivation for Students of Senior High School

This research obtains some of the findings which in a word can be described as follows: (1) the step of Introduction (exploration): through study library and observation, it can be found that the quality of writing learning and the need of a better writing learning model, and it is formulated the prototype of writing learning model based on the ARCES motivation, serta dirumuskan prototipe model pembelajaran menulis berbasis motivasi ARCES after the draft is validated by the Indonesian language experts and education technology experts. (2) The step of model development: through development of preliminary model and development of main model and after it is done by monitoring, evaluation, focus group discussion and revision, then it is produced a better writing learning model based on ARCES motivation. (3) The step of model effectiveness examination: through pre-test, treatment, and post-test which is produced writing learning model based on ARCES motivation. From the effectiveness test result of model, it can be concluded that writing learning based on ARCES motivation is more effective (in average value of post test is 83,94) than writing learning conventionally (in average value of post-test is 75,79).


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holistic. E element which is intended in ARCES is Enjoyment that is students have happy feeling to the idea in doing activity in teaching learning process.
Basic problem of this research is development of writing learning model based on ARCES motivation for students of senior high school according to Level Curriculum Set of Education (KTSP). The product which is developed in this research is: (a) teaching learning syllabus in writing based on ARCES motivation for students of senior high school, and (b) lesson plan of teaching learning writing based on ARCES motivation for students of senior high school.
Based on the description in the background above in this research can be formulated the problem as follows: (a) How is the implementation of writing learning model now, how is the need level of the improvement of quality of writing learning for students of senior high school, and how is the need of teacher and students related to the improvement of writing learning quality in senior high school? (b) How does the development of learning model prototype become writing learning model based on ARCES motivation for students of senior high school? (c) How is the effectiveness of writing learning model based on ARCES motivation for students of senior high school? Is there any difference of writing competence of students in senior high school which is taught uses learning model based on ARCES motivation and uses conventional learning model? While the purpose of the research is to test the effectiveness of writing learning model based on ARCES motivation (ARCES Based Model of Motivational) for students of senior high school.

Theoretical Approach
Theoretical approach in this research includes the things which are related to: definition of the model, definition of research and development, and definition of writing, and ARCES motivation.

Definition of the model
Model can be interpreted as an artificial form (replica) from object truthfully, so it have the same form or construction or it looks like the object which is made of its artificial or its example. Model also can be established as a procedural or conceptual example of a program, system, or referable process or guidance for the agenda of solving a problem or reaches a purpose (Sri Sulisyorini, 2007: 13). In learning model context, it is meant as a learning model which represents plan, pattern or arrangement of activity of teacher and students which shows the existence of interaction from related elements in teaching learning process.

Definition of Research and Development
Which is intended Research and Development (R & D) is a process or steps to develop a new product or makes perfect the existing product and it could be responsible (Nana Syaodih Sukmadinata, 2007: 164). Products which are intended can be in the form of object or hardware, like book, module, teaching tools, but it also can be in the form of software, like computer program to process data, program for teaching learning process in class, program for library or laboratory, or educational models, learning strategy, training, tuition, evaluation, management, etcetera (2007: 165).
This research title proposal is: Development of Writing Learning Model Based on ARCES Motivation in Senior High School. Based on the object that is development of learning strategy based on ARCES motivation model as the part of curriculum and process of learning, then this research can be classified into educational research (Sukmadinata, 2005: 23). Methodologically it is closed to the research and development (Gall, Gall, & Borg, 2003: 123-124). Research and development represents the combination of quantitative and qualitative research. In research, the researcher develops some methods for example: (1) descriptive methods, (2) methods of evaluative and (3) methods of experimental (Nana Syaodih Sukmadinata, 2007).
Descriptive method used in preliminary research to collect the data about early condition. Early condition includes: (1) the condition of existing product, as a component of comparison or based materials (embryo) for product to be developed. (2) The condition of stakeholders, Department of National Education, schools, teachers, headmasters, students and publics etc. (3) the condition of development supplementary factor and resistor and consumers of the product who will be produced including: human, supporting facilities for infrastructure, expenses, management and environment.

The Development of Writing Learning Model Based on the Arces Motivation for Student of Senior High School
Method of evaluative used to evaluate the process of development testing of the product. Product is developed through the preliminary field testing and main field testing and the effectiveness testing of model. Every testing is followed by evaluation, either result evaluation or product evaluation. Based on test result findings, it tries to be performed completions.
Experiment method used to test the quality of the product. Although in the step of preliminary filed testing and main field testing there have evaluated, but its character still for the agenda of product development. In effectiveness testing of model, it needs of experiment group and control group. The result comparator of third and second experiment (where necessary) can show the level quality from the product result.

Definition of Writing
Writing is able to be considered as a process and or a result. Writing represents the activity which is performed by someone to produce an article. On that account writing is more comprehended as a skill, not as a science. As a skill, writing needs practices (Puji Santoso, 2008: 6.15).
Writing activity represents a form of ability manifestation and the most recently skill which is mastered by students after listening ability, speaking ability and reading ability. Compared to the three the other abilities, writing ability is more difficult to be mastered (Burhan Nurgiyantoro, 2010: 422). This thing is caused that writing ability wants or requires the acquisition of various language elements to become the content of article. Both of language elements or content element of the message must be arranged in such a manner so that produces article (composition) which is harmonious, solid, and agility. If in speaking activity students must master the sound symbols, writing activity wants students to master visual symbol or the orders of writing, especially which concern on problem of spelling, vocabulary, sentence, and paragraph. Nurudin (2012: 3) expresses that writing is an activity which is performed by someone to produce article. Daeng Nurjamal, Warta Sumirat and Riadi Darwis (2011: 4) express that writing represents active speaking skill. Writing represents someone's top ability to be told language skillful. Writing represents a skill which is very complex. This thing is because of writing ability want or requires the acquisition of various language elements to become the content of article. Both of language elements or content element of message must be arranged in such a manner so that produces article (composition) which harmonious, solid, and agility.
Writing skill is as one of language skills aspect which has a vital role in human life. By writing, someone can express his/her mind and idea to reach purposes and objectives. Thunder Henry Tarigan (1994: 21) expresses that writing is describing graph symbols which depicts the language comprehended by someone, therefore others can read the graph symbols. Meanwhile Alek and Achmad H.P (2010: 106) express that writing represent the activity to create a note or information to the particular media by using alphabet. Writing is usually performed on paper by using equipments like pen or pencil. Lado (1979: 143) expresses that: "To write is to put down the graphic symbols that represent a language one understands, so that other can read graphic representation". The sentence can be interpreted that writing is to place graphical symbols which depicts a language which in lexically.

ARCES Motivation
About the understanding of motivation, many experts elaborate the opinion based on the point of different emphasis, as according to the result of study which they believe. According to the origin of the word, motivation comes from Latin language movere which means to move. Wlodkowski (1985) in R. Angkowo & A. Kosasih (2007) explains that motivation is as a condition which causes or generates certain behavior, and which gives direction and resilience (persistence) at the behaviour. Martin Handoko (2002: 9) interprets the motivation is as an energy or factor contained in human's self, which generates, point and organize his or her attitudes. Motivation represents one of a very important component in teaching learning process and represents something difficult to be measured.
David Mc. Clelland, Abaraham Maslow, Wand and Brown which is cited by Wahyosumidjo (1983), elaborate the understanding of motivation represents a psychological process which expresses interaction between attitude, needs, perception and the decision happened at someone 's self. Motivation is as psychological process arises as a result of factor within someone's self, so-called as intrinsic factor. While extrinsic factor in consequence of outside someone's self. The next Berelson and Steiner state that: "a motive is an inner that energizer, activities or move (hence motivation), and that direct or channels behavior to ward goals". It means that motif intrinsically represents common terminology which gives meaning, impetus, desire, needs and willingness (1983: 177-178). Almost similar to the opinion before, Mc. Donald in Oemar Hamalik (2008: 159) defines motivation as follows: motivation is an energy change within the person characterized by affective arousal and anticipatory field goal reaction. It means that, motivation is change of energy in someone's self (personal) which is marked with incidence of feeling and reaction to reach the purpose.
In the world of education is assorted the motivation theories which can be developed. One of the motivation theories is the model theory of ARCS (ARCS Model). John M. Keller in Reigeluth (1983) compiles a set principal of applicable motivation and developed in process of learning which is in mentioning with model motivation of ARCS (ARCS Models) (Suciati and Udin Syarifuddin Winatasaprutra, 1997: 53). Keller in Driscoll (1994: 314) has a notion that teacher needs to give motivation to students. Or in other words, the emerging of learning motivation in students' self is not merely becoming students' responsibility, but teacher takes charge of also. On that account, motivational principals of ARCS model (ARCS Models) needs to be applied and developed in teaching learning process. Model motivation of ARCS (ARCS Models) can be explained as follows: a. A = Attention means that learn must have attention and desire about a subject matter. On that account, in the students' self need to be grown the existence of reflective question "why me must learn about this?" In this case, students' motivation grow and rise among others because the inquiring motivation. On that account, the eagerness to know needs to get excitement, therefore students will give attention. The attention will be looked after during teaching learning process takes place, or even it will hold up longer again. The eagerness to know can be stimulated through new ways, odd ways, others ways with the ways which has been existing. Attention, according to Keller, can be built through 2 ways (http: / / en.wikimedia.org / wiki / motivation) are: (a) generate perception, use something which is not advised to students (tell un-uncertainty) to get attention and the usage of idea, something which surprises, not appropriately and event is not sure. (b) Grow the question which pushes eagerness to know therefore students take attitude to be challenged raising question or problem to be solved by him or her. The atypical ways can stimulate the eagerness to know. Method which can be developed in teaching learning capable to attract the attention of students among others as follows: a). Actively participate by the way of for example: use games or plays at by rotation with a purpose to students to involve in seeking of study matters; b). John M. Keller in Suciati and Udin Syarifuddin (1997: 44) states that strategy to stimulate enthusiasm and attention of students by the way of as follows: (1) Use various learning method. (2) Use media to complete the submission of study material. (3) Use humor if it is required. (4) Use real events to clarify phrased concept. (5) Entangle students. b. R = Relevance (the relevant of = usefulness), it means that learning motivation will grow and develops if students confess that learning materials has direct benefit in themselves. The relevance points to the existence of relation between teaching learning materials with the needs and the condition of students (1997: 45). Students motivation will grow and be looked after and awakened if students feel what materials are studied by them and it can fulfill the individual needs, useful and appropriate to the value which is believed, fought for and held it. Strategy to show the relevance among others in the following way: (1) Tell students about what will they get and do after studying the materials. This means that teacher must explain the purpose of the study. (2) Explain about the benefit of the study, skill, value and attitude to be studied, and how the thing can be applied in their future life. (3) Exemplify, practices or tests relate to the condition of students or certain profession. c. C = Confidence (self-confidence), it means that it needs to be eliminated doubtfulness in students' self that a certain material cannot be studied by themselves. Students need to be self-confidence that she or he is capable and can succeed with studying something new. On that account, students need to be pushed and grown by positive hope to succeed. Strategy which can be developed to grow and develop self-confidence is as follows: (a) Increase hope of students to succeed with multiplying examples of succeeding of students or other figures, by the way of drawing up teaching learning process so that is easy to be comprehended by students by the way of sorting from an easy material to a difficult material. (b) Compile teaching materials into smaller parts, therefore students are not 286 Feel of happy in the activity of teaching learning is determined by the success of learning at time before. Besides the feel of happy is also determined by the result of the analysis of cost-benefit deed learns, and feel of need to learn and confidence that she or he will be able to reach the purpose of learning (Haris Mudjiman, 2008: 91.) Enjoyment learning is meant that among others that teacher is able to create a pleasant learning situation, therefore students focus on attention fully (Just another Blog.unila.ac.id weblog). Pleasant learning represents an effort that builds students' learning experience with various processes to get new experience, through various creation of learning activity and condition of learning situation, therefore they are able to give service at various ability levels and learning style of the students, and students have more a central attention fully.
Teacher in teaching learning process needs to know about students' way of learning. What their way of learning look like that can be seen, heard and felt? If the teachers want their students love to learn, then they must know the students' characteristic from their love and their ways (Eric Jensen and Leann Nickelsen, 2011: 5). We have to realize that the way of learning seldom arise as a pure situation, other factors seem to accompany self-motivation, like classes, happy with others, praises, teacher's feedback, opportunity and celebration of successfulness, positive inauguration, enthusiasm to topic / theme, opportunity to be entangled and others.
The pleasant teaching learning process shall pay attention to the following things: (1) Comprehend the nature of students. Basically students have characters: eagerness to know something and need the freedom of imagination. Both the characters represent authorized capital for the growth of attitude, creative and critical patterned thinking. The teaching learning process needs to be managed well for the shake of the growth of both the characters. (2) Recognize students individually. The students come from various families and have different abilities. In pleasant learning, individual difference needs to be paid attention to and needs to be mirrored in the teaching learning process. All of students in class do not always do the same activity, but they do different activity according to their learning speed. Students whom have special capability can be utilized to assist their friends who have weak abilities (coeval tutor). By recognizing the ability of students, teachers can assist them if a student gets difficulties, therefore a student can learn maximal. e. S = Satisfaction, it means that learning must produce feel of satisfy. Because feel of satisfy will support and push the growing of desire to learn. Joyful learning will result of successful learning, or the contrary successful learning will result Joyful learning. The success in reaching a purpose will result satisfaction and students will motivate to go on reaching for the similar purpose. To increase and look after students' motivation, teacher can give strengthening (reinforcement) in the form of praise, giving the opportunity or even if possibly given by present. Strategy to increase satisfaction is: (a) use praise (b) Give feedback. (c) Give opportunity to students to use or practice knowledge which has been obtained. (d) Give opportunity to students who masters to assist their friends who has not mastered. (e) It is good if teacher compares student achievement with teacher achievement with a certain standard. The outline of the study in this research can be simulated as follows: Based on theoretical approach and basis theory, writing learning based on ARCES motivation has more effective value than writing learning conventionally. Writing learning based on ARCES motivation has more value than writing learning conventionally with the reason that is in writing learning based on ARCS motivation applies the exploiting of various methods, various media, various humor, the use of real event to clarify concept and always entangling students in teaching learning process.
Specifics in front of in context A = Attention (attract their attention). In learning strategy also tells to students about the importance of doing something after learning something, teacher explains about the intention of every study, teacher explains about knowledge benefit / skills / value and attitude / and how all of them are applied in life, teacher exemplifies / practices or tests directly which relates to the condition of students. All these are done to find the relevance of learning with the life of students or R = Relevance.
The next in teaching learning, teacher tries to increase the students' hope to succeed, compile materials in smaller parts / units. Teacher explains the test criterion / test in the early of learning, use the strategy of control, grow the self-confidence with pleasant words / make happy and give feedback. All of these are done by teacher for growing C = Confidence (self-confidence). E = Enjoyment. The elements are: teacher comprehends the nature of students (eagerness to know, freedom and imagination), teacher recognizes the students individually, teacher has various skills, teachers has ability to awake students: knowledge = T, Need = B, ability = M and happy = S. Teacher also is able to change situation of class from ordinary class becomes attractive class. Teacher grows enthusiasm by applying the outline of planning TANDUR (grow, natural, named, demonstrate, repeat and celebrate). Teacher is able to build togetherness, keep up and grow memory and stimulates students' sense of hearing. At the next side, teacher uses praise, gives opportunity to students to practice something after learning, in certain situation the teacher compares students achievement with certain standard. This is held for growing satisfaction or S = Satisfaction.

Discussion
The third phase from the activity of this research and development is testing the writing learning model effectiveness based on ARCES motivation (ARCES Based on Motivation) which takes sample in six public senior high schools and private senior high schools in Sragen city, that is SMA Negeri 2 Sragen, SMA Negeri 3 Sragen, SMA Negeri 1 Tangen, SMA Negeri 1 Tangen and SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Sragen and SMA PGRI Karangmalang. The important features which is suitable to be discussed at the both groups, that is writing learning conventionally (group A), and development of writing learning model based on ARCES motivation (ARCES Based on Motivation) (group B) is as follows:

The Discussion of Writing Learning Conventionally
In conventional learning teacher does not face any difficulties because teacher does teaching learning process as usual, there is no special things which need to be prepared and studied. Therefore there is no difficulty at all which happened to teacher who teaches by using conventional way. The different activity is only doing pre-test and post-test in interval time epoch twelve times face to face meeting. And so do what happen in students' self nor is the special things happened in the process of teaching learning during twelfth times meeting.
Thereby if it is seen from comparison in average value of the effectiveness test of model to the process of writing learning conventionally in the six public senior high schools that is known in average value of pre-test 74,9-74,9 and in average value of post-test 75,79. In average value of post-test is higher than values of pre-test.

The Discussion of Development of Writing Learning Model Based on ARCES Motivation
The effectiveness test of model in writing learning aimed to know the effectiveness of learning, with referring to language competence, specifically writing aspects. In the effectiveness test of development of writing learning model based on ARCES motivation can be explained as follows: a. At the first phase, before doing the teaching learning process, teacher follows the workshop which is held by researcher in Regional Service of Education Office in Sragen, 16 July 2011. At the second phase on 17 September 2011, it is held Focus Group Discussion (FGD) in RM Roso Joyo Sragen. Then at the third phase on 15 October it is held Focus Group Discussion (FGD) in RM Roso Joyo Sragen. FGD is held as a mean to make perfect the model that is teacher manual book: development of writing learning model based on ARCES motivation (ARCES Based of Motivation) based on the result of observation, suggestion, input, evaluation from FGD participant, and evaluation and reflection from teachers who conduct main field testing. b. Teacher studies theories and concepts independently which are offered by researcher deeper. c. Teacher conducts pre-test which is made by researcher. group they are also taught with development of writing learning model based on ARCES motivation (ARCES Based of Motivation).
The effectiveness testing result of the model can be concluded that writing learning model based on ARCES motivation (ARCES Based Motivation) is more effective than writing learning conventionally. The conclusion is supported by data of six schools which is the average value of final test (post-test) in the effectiveness testing of development of writing learning model based on ARCES motivation is 83,94 it is higher than the average value of final test (post-test) 75,79.