Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation and Its Financial Losses in Cattle Slaughtered at Wolaita Sodo Municipal Abattior, Snnprs, Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018 with the objective of assessing the major causes and rate of organ/carcass condemnation and to estimate annual financial loses in cattle slaughtered at Wolaita Sodo Municipal Abattoir, SNNPR, Ethiopia. From all 368 cattle selected randomly and examined 165 (44.8%) and 120 (32.6%) showed both ante-mortem and postmortem abnormalities respectively. Conditions like lameness 52(14.1%), salivation 26(7.1%), branding 24(6.5%), diarrhea 20(5.4%) and rough hair 16(4.3%), lacrimation 10(2.7%), local swelling 8(2.2%) were the major recorded abnormalities in ante-mortem examination. In postmortem examination 65 (17.7%) livers, 41(11.1%/ 280.8kg) carcass due to bruise and abscess, 19(5.2%) lung, 4 (1.1%) hearts and 2 (0.5%) tongues was rejected due to various abnormalities. The major pathological lesions that caused organ condemnations were fasciola 47(12.8%), bruising 36(9.8%), calcification 10(2.7%), hydrated cyst 5(1.3%), abscessation 5(1.3%) and cysticercus bovis 5(1.3%). There was statistically significant association (p<0.05) between liver condemnation and body condition categories of animals. There was no statistical significance (P>0.05) between the origin and age of animals with the condemnation rate of different organs. The annual financial loss due to the rejection of organs and carcass of cattle slaughtered at Wolaita Sodo municipal abattoir was estimated approximately 148,643 ETB (5,505.3USD). This huge financial loss indicates that there should be appropriate disease prevention and control program in the study area.


INTRODUCTION
The world human population is growing at faster rate than food production and this increase occurs mainly in developing countries with the rate of 2.4% per year (UN, 2017). Developing countries have nearly 2/3(two third) of the world's livestock population, but produce less than a third of the world's meat and fifth of its milk (FAO, 1995). According to recent estimates, Ethiopia has 59.5 million cattle, 30.7 million sheep, 30.20 million goats, 1.21 million camels, 2.16 million horse, 8.44 million donkey, 0.41 million mule and 56.53 million poultry (CSA, beef in the world general and Ethiopia in particular. The main reported cause of whole carcass condemnation in Ethiopia were: Poor bleeding, Abscess, Adhesion, TB, Pneumonia, Cysticercus bovis, Bruising and Hydatid cyst while carcasses bruising, poor bleeding, contamination and adhesion were main causes of partial condemnations (Mummed and Webb, 2015).
Most of the abattoir studies were undertaken on prevalence of fasciolosis and hydatidosis and the extent of loss from organs condemnation in different parts of Ethiopia (Bekele and Butako, 2011;Tembo and Nonga, 2015;Wabe et al., 2017). Thus, there is limited information on other causes of organ and carcass condemnation in the country, particularly in the study area. Therefore, this study was conducted with the objective of:  Investigating the major causes of organ/carcass condemnation at Wolaita Sodo municipal abattoir.  Estimating the rate of organ/carcass condemnations based on potential risk factors  Estimating annual financial losses due to organ/carcass condemnation in the study area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Study Area
The study was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018 at Wolaita Sodo municipal abattoir. Wolaita zone is located in SNNPRS and is situated 390 km south of Addis Ababa. The altitude ranges from the lowest at the foot of Omo river valley 501 MASL to highest 2,950 MASL at peak of Mount Damota and geographically located between 6 o 36'N to 7 o 18'N latitude and 3712'E up to 38 24'E longitude. It experiences an average annual rain fall ranging from 450 to 1,446 mm. The rainfall over much of the areas is typically bimodal with the major rainy season extending from June to September and the short rainy season occurring from February to April. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperature of the area is 34.1 and 11.4°C, respectively. The main economic source in the area is mixed farming system and the area has moderately drained acidic red soils (nitosols

Study Population
The study animals included in present study were mainly male animals that came from the surrounding zone/districts of Wolaita zone (Dawro, Arsinegele, Arba-Minch, Humbo, and Areka). Animals of different breeds, age, sex, and body condition were included. The age of the animal was estimated on the basis of the dentitions (De Lahunta and Habel, 1986) and conventionally grouped into two; adult (<6 years) and old (≥6 years).The body condition score was given by according to the rule of (Nicholson and Butterworth, 1986). Based on this animals were categorized as good, medium and poor body conditioned. Animals which score (2, 3 were categorized as poor/lean); (4, 5, 6, were medium) and (7 was classified as good/fat) but there was no any animal that score one.

Sample Size Determination
The numbers of cattle included in this study were calculated based on the formula given by Thrusfield, (2005)

Study Design and period
The study was conducted based on active abattoir survey and a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2017 to April 2018 to assess the main causes and rate of organ and carcass condemnation, to estimate the direct financial loss attributed to condemned organ and carcass. All animals were subjected to the standard ante-mortem and postmortem examination procedures as indicated in manual on meat inspection procedures for developing countries (FAO, 1994). Animals for examination were selected using simple random sampling method by a lottery system based on the number given on ante-mortem examination.

Ante-mortem Inspection
Ante-mortem inspection was conducted and the animals were given with the identification number on their back. Animals were checked for any deviation from their normal behaviors, illness, posture and gait, and conditions of mucus membranes (Gracey, J., 1986).

Postmortem Examination
Postmortem examination of all organs was made based on routine meat inspection procedures (inspection, palpation and systematic incision) and different abnormalities such as, bruising, Fasciola, hydatid cyst, Cysticercus bovis, emphysema, pneumonia and others were appreciated in the respective organs (liver, lung, kidney, tongue, and heart). Judgments were given according to the meat inspection manual for developing countries (FAO, 1994).

Assessment of Direct Financial Loss
All affected organs and carcasses were subjected to partial condemnation or totally condemned to reduce the public health problem and to enhance the market demand. The analysis was made based on annual slaughter per annum organ and carcass condemnation rate and the current average price of each organ and a weight of carcass in Wolaita Sodo town. Accordingly, average market price was determined by interviewing personnel of about ten butcher's houses found in the town. Finally, the financial loss was calculated based the formula set by EDO et al. (2014) for the estimation of annual economic loss of bovine visceral organs in Adama municipal abattoir. L = (Ni x Pj) Where, L = total loss, Ni = Number of visceral organs condemned annually and Pj = Average price of visceral organs. The financial loss associated with carcass condemnation due to bruising and abscess was calculated based on the annual rate of the carcass rejection expressed in kilogram and price of one kilogram of bovine meat in the local market. In the study each treamed carcass was taken as averagely one third of a kilogram (1 tream = 1/3kg estimation). Based on this, the annual economic loss of carcass condemnation was computed as follows: L = (Ci x Pj) Where, Ci = kilograms of carcass rejected annually, Pj = average price of one kilogram meat.

Data Management and Analysis
The data obtained in both ante-mortem inspection and postmortem examination was entered in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. The prevalence of causes for organ and carcass condemnation was determined as a proportion of affected animals out of the total animal are examined. The association between different risk factors such as animal origin, age, and body condition with disease condition were analyzed by using χ 2 (Chi-square) technique and value of p<0.05 was considered as significant.

Overall Carcass and Organ Condemnation
The overall organ and carcass rejection rate was 120(32.6%). From these condemned organ and carcass, 63(17.1%) Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8419 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.74, 2020 30 were totally condemned, while 57(15.5%) were partially condemned ( Table 2). The overall condemnation rate of organs and carcass was highest in poor body conditioned animals 10(45.5%), than medium and good body condition scored animals which were 53(32.3%) and 57(31.3%), respectively. The condemnation of carcass was only partial one.

Major Causes of Organ and Carcass Condemnation
As indicated in Table 3, out of the total organs and carcass examined 131(35.6%) were found with different abnormalities. The frequency was high in liver (17.7%) and carcass (11.1%). Among all causes, mechanical damage and parasitic diseases were the dominant problems that resulted in high rate of organ/carcass condemnation. Fasciola was ranked highest 47(12.8%) as a cause of liver condemnation followed by calcification 10(2.7%), hydatid cyst and abscess each 3(0.8%) and hemorrhage 2(0.5%). Out of the rejected carcass, majority (9.8%) was due to bruising.

Condemnation Rates in Relation with Risk Factors
As indicated in Table 4, the rate of liver condemnation was similar between adult (17.8%) and old aged animals (17.5%). Similarly, there was little difference in the lung condemned between adult (5.7%) and old (4.7%). There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of liver and lung condemnation with the age categories Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8419 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.74, 2020 31 of the animals (p>0.05) but there was statistically significant association between liver condemnation with body condition of cattle slaughtered in the abattoir (p<0.05).

Estimation of Financial Loss
Based on annual slaughter rate of 5040 cattle, the estimated annual financial loss associated to organ and carcass condemned in Wolaita Sodo Municipal Abattoir was 148,643 ETB/ (5,505.3 USD) ( Table 7). The average price of each organ and one kilo meat was assessed from the butcher's and as 30, 100, 20, 200, and 5birr for heart, liver, tongue, one kilogram meat and lung respectively. Higher financial losses recorded with liver condemnation (89,000ETB) and carcass condemnation (56,160 ETB) ( Table 7). The financial loss had been increasing in the area when compared with the previous research of Abunna and Hordofa, (2013) who reported the annual financial loss as 24,340 ETB.
Out of 368 cattle examined 120(32.6%) animals were found with at least one type of abnormalities in different organs and/carcass. This finding is lower than reported by Melese et al. (2012)  , and from different districts of the country. This low rate of organ and carcass condemnation may be due to the difference of season on which the research was done, variation in the agro ecologies of the study area and etc. As the present study showed, the most predominant abnormalities encountered in postmortem examination were bruising and faciolosis (parasitic and mechanical damages). These were similar with the findings reported by various authors (Melese et al., 2012;Hussen et al., 2017).
From the total examined animals, 65(17.7%) of liver were condemned due to different abnormalities. Similarly, Assefa and Tesfaye (2013), Abunna and Hordofa (2013) and Abunna et al. (2010) reported rejection rates of 17.58%, 16.64% and 14% respectively. Among the causes, fasciola, calcification, haydatid cyst, abscess and hemorrhage were responsible for rejection of 12.8%, 2.7%, 0.8%, 0.8% and 0.5% livers respectively. In relation with the previous studies in Wolaita and other abattoirs, the present study report of liver condemnation was lower than the reports by Melese et al. (2012) (34.23%), Abunna and Hordofa (2013) (39.68%), Moje et al. (2014) (41.75%) and Maseresha et al. (2016) (44.5%). The differences in prevalence of liver rejection in different area of Ethiopia could be related with the agro-ecology and the strategic use of veterinary service in the control and prevention of animal disease. Additionally, the people's awareness in the control and prevention of the disease and the management systems difference in different areas.
The overall carcass condemnation was 11.1%. From these, partially for bruising (9.8%), abscess (0.5%), hemorrhage (0.8%). The result of current study was greater than the work done by Moje et al. (2014) 29(6.7%) and Agegn et al. (2016) (7.6%). The result of study showed that carcass condemnation was the second most important challenge in Wolaita Sodoa battoir and it was mainly due to bruising. The reason for the high prevalence of bruising could be due to the problem animals face during driving by stick from irresponsible individuals who brought the animals, the inappropriate transportation vehicle and the sever challenge that occurs in the lairage through fighting. The stunning condition also resulted in bruise in different animals when they fall down on the concrete ground being unconscious. As reported by Ezana (2008), bruising of animals during transport is the major source of economic loss in Africa and Asia.
The difference in prevalence of lung condemnation at different study area may be due to the prevalence of disease, disease transmitting vector, awareness among people about zoonotic disease, manner of disposal of condemned organs in abattoirs, backyard animal slaughter system and the difference in animal management system.
In current study the heart was condemned due to hemorrhage 1(0.3%) and Cystcercus bovis 3(0.8%). There were similar reports were found by Assefa and Tesfaye (2013)  In present study the condemnation of tongue was very low and it accounted only 0.5% due to Cysticercus bovis. This prevalence was in agreement to the work of Shegaw et al. (2009) andTefere et al. (2016), who reported as 0.78% and 0.9% respectively.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
As recorded in the results of the present study, the overall organ and/carcass rejection rate was quite high (32.6%). Fasciolosis, bruising, calcification, hydatid cyst, pneumonia and bruise were the most abnormalities that resulted in organ and carcass condemnation. Liver, lung, carcass, heart and tongue were the major organs affected with different abnormalities. The rate of liver condemnation was higher in animals with poor body condition. Laboratory analysis indicated that, majority of fertile hydatid cysts were viable. The study revealed that, there was high amount of economic loss due to organ and carcass condemnation in Wolaita Sodo Municipal Abattoir. Based on the above conclusion the following recommendations are forwarded:  The transportation system of animals to the abattoir should have to be improved and the drivers should have to take a care during driving,  The condemned organs should be incinerated,  The abattoir compound should be fenced and maintained ,  Abattoirs have to be supplied with ample water supply and waste disposal systems have to be given special attention by the abattoir personnel,  Further study should be done in the area to avoid this huge economic loss.