Types of English Determiners Accordıng to Their Position

The article deals with determiners and their types according to the position in English. Here, viewpoints of different linguists have been looked through. In the article we disscussed the problem of functions of determiners and the notions they express in a language such as definiteness and indefiniteness. Besides, the articles touches upon the types of determiners according to their position in a sentence or a combination. Here, 3 types of determiners – pre-determners, central determiners and post-deerminers are analysed. The article also clarifies the difference between general and special determiners in Modern English.

meaning of home/house, which means the building for living. If we pronounc eit like the house or any house, the situation will be somehow different. When we pronounce the house, we will mean a concrete house, but when we use any house we will mean no matter which house. In this meaning we agree with the opinion of O.V.Yakovenko that determiners for their meaning are regulators, operators of the situation[http://elar.usfeu.ru/bitstream/123456789/6314/1/inyaz-2014_11.pdf]. P.Harder's article dealing with "the matching of functional and formal approaches to determiners in linguistics" has attracted the attention of many linguists. P.Harder in the article "Determiners and definiteness: functional semantics and structure differentiating" noted that functional and formal approach to determiners gives bases to speculate that structural and semantic categories often match or coincide. The author tries to prove that, determiners' categories consist of different elements. P.Harder being the followers of functionalism, his approach has been given in a simple way [Harder P. 2008].
One of the debatable moments of determiners is that they are considered a separate part of speech. So, in traditional grammar which takes its bases from greek grammar, the article was considered one of the 8 main classical parts of speech. N.Chomsky's generative grammar gave a push to the development of this idea. N.Chomsky's theory notes the importance of the specificator in a sentence. In noun phrases it is realised by the help of determiners [Alekseeva, 2009].

METHODS
The current article discusses the determiners and some features of it. So, to reveal some features, linguistic analysis method is widely used in the article, which helped to analyze the given topic in details. Here, some viewpoints of specialists are analyzed. In some cases, to give a detailed description to some notions some translations are given in Azerbaijani, which proves the slight use of comparative method.

Functions of determiners in English
A russian linguist V.G.Gack develpoed the idea that determiners should be put into a separate part of speech on the bases of semantic, morphological and syntactical features. He notes 3 functions of determiners as a separate part of speech: 1) Syntactical function: determiners function in a sentence as a main actualizator of a noun. The role of determiners in the creation of syntactical constructions in a sentence cannot be denied. 2) Morphological function: in case there is not a special form (flective languages) governing morphological case and number categories of a noun, determiners perform this function easily. 3) Semantic function: according to V.G.Gack, determiners' semantic function reveals in the expression of grammatical categories such as definiteness -indefiniteness, known -unknown. In many languages in nominal phrases an element which has the function of proving the definiteness and indefiniteness of that phrase, is used. In Modern English though the main means of expression of definiteness and indefiniteness is considered article (a/an -the), it has other means of expression too. E.g: In the phrase this building "bu bina" demonstrative pronoun this expresses definiteness, while in the expression a several buildings "bir neçə bina" a several expresses indefiniteness.
Russian linguist V.G.Gack considers that determiners express general characteristics of the object -its definiteness, number, possession, etc. [Gack, 1986]. There is a serious diversity of opinions among linguists on what level determines belong to. Thus, some linguists put articles, pronouns, numerals into determiners, while others don't accept this viewpoint. In 1985 in a grammar book published in London, it was noted that English determiners include 6 classes of language units: articles (of definiteness and indefiniteness), demonstrative and possessive pronouns, words denoting number (quantitative words), cardinal and ordinal numerlas.
V.G.Gack's french grammar book, determiners include 5 semantic-grammatical classes of language units. They are articles, possessive, demonstartive, interrogative and indefinite determiners [Harder, 2008]. So, article is put Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8435 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.65, 2020 57 into both classifications, as it expresses definiteness and indefiniteness. According to Russian linguist O.I.Moskalskaya's point of view determiners express possession, belonging, demonstrativeness, indefiniteness and total plurality and that's why they regularly accompany nouns as an element of the word-stock of a language [Moskalskaya, 1953]

Notions that determiners express in a language
Usually, determiners are divided into 2 groups: definiteness and indefiniteness. Determiners expressing definiteness are: article the, demonstartive and possessive pronouns, determiners expressing indefiniteness are article of indefiniteness a/an, words denoting quantity (quantificators), wh-determiners, adjective-numerals.
Category of definiteness and indefiniteness is one of the debatable problems in modern linguistics. The main purpose of the linguists investigating this problem is to determine the main criterion of the category of definiteness.
Some terms like uniquness, definiteness, unique identification and extension are usedas a criterion of definiteness. Among them extension is considered to be the most suitable one for the defniteness category, because it contains some features like definiteness, uniqueness. Extension theory was founded by D.Lewis, and he thinks that when we say The door is open "Qapı açıqdır" we don't mean the only open door, but the nearest door in the process of communication. The factors such as the recall of the previously known object, speakers standing near that object and pointing at it can also cause extension, however all these are not enough. Here the mental, cognitive factor which can supply of the speaker with appropriate information, is very important [https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-bazovoy-harakteristike-angliyskih-determi-nativov].
So, determiners show that the words they modify are nouns. In comparison with adjectives, determiners neither describe nouns, nor give extra information about them. These words show some characteristics of nouns (singular -plural, definite -indefinite, etc.). Determiners, usually, are used in front of nouns and noun phrases. If there are other words characterising nouns, determiners are used in front of them. E.g. her writing skills "onun yazı vərdişləri".

Theoretical division of determiners in English
L.S.Barkhudarov talking about determiners, claims that an article and another determiner cannot be used in front of nuns at the same time. [Alekseeva, 2009]. L.S.Barkhudarov doesn't accept the words used in front of noun phrases (pre-determiners) and after the noun determiners (post-determiners) as determiners and there is no unity of opinions among the linguists on it. So, R.Quirk's grammar, determiners such classification as below attracted 3. Central determiners [Quirk et al, 1985] The author thinks, a (an), the, this, that, these, those, my, whose, what and others are central determiners, since thay are used directly before the word they determine. However, in most cases central determiners are followed by post-determiners. E.g: In these examples the words in italics -all and both are pre-determiners, the and those are central determiners. All these three determiners can be used at the same time. E.g.

all the many hours (that we have spent).
In these examples all is a pre-determiner, the is a central determiner, many is a post-determiner. In some cases 4 determiners can also occur at the same time. E.g. all the many such possibilities "bütün bu imkanlar çoxluğu". In these examples all and such are pre-determiners, the -is central determiner, many -is a post-determiner [Quirk et al, 1985].

Central determiners in English
Central determiners are very necessary in comparison with other determiners, since they cover (include) articles and their usage in front of nouns is very important. There is no possibility of the occurence of two central determiners at the same time. Centra determiners usuually precede the nouns or nominal elements they modify. If adjectives, participles or nouns in the function of attribute are used in front of these nouns or nominal phrases, central determiners preced them. E.g.
Whose -Whose book is it? Bu kimin kitabıdır?

Relative Pronouns
Whose -This is the student whose book I am reading. Bu kitabını oxuduğum həmin tələbədir.
Which -This is the book which I bought yesterday. B mənim dünən aldığım kitabdır.

Half -half a loaf -yarım kömbə
Such -such a girl -elə qız What -What a fine day it was! Bu elə gözəl gün idi ki!
We should note that defining pronoun all and demonstrative pronoun such can be used without central determiners. In this case the meaning they express will be connected with the idea of indefiniteness, but not definiteness.
E.g. All the girls -bütün qızlar (the girls who are known to the speaker) -all girls (all girls in general, not the ones whom we know).
a) All the girls are ready to meet their parents. "Bütün qızlar valideynlərini qarşılamağa hazırdır" (Here they talk about the girls in the class or course). b) All girls like such dresses. "Bütün qızlar belə paltarları xoşlayır". (Here girls are meant not in concrete meaning, but in general meaning. One of the izomorphic features of the determiner "such" is that in front of it another pre-determiner, central determiner and even post determiner can be used. Compare:

CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, it should be noted that, the problem of determiner in English is an interesting but debatable matter. After analyzing different viewpoints of Russian and Western linguists such as A.I.Smirnitsky, V.G.Gack, L.S.Barkhudarov, R.Quirk, D.Lewis, H.Palmer, L.Blumfield, etc. their theories on determiners and classifications were analysed. Western linguists' divisions of language elements called determiners into 3 main types according to the position is the most necessary part of the article and is considered to be a valuable contribution to the linguistics, linguists and investigators.