Associated Factors That Hindering Good Governance in Land Administration: The Case of Shashogo Woreda Municipality, Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia

The main purpose of this research was to assess the Associated factors that hindering Good governance in land administration: The case of Shashogo woreda Municipality, Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. The specific objectives of this study were. Appraise the level of the openness of land information to residence of town; determine factors affecting good governance in land administration process at Bonosha Municipality. Researcher was employed a cross-sectional study design. Questionnaires, focused-group discussions, structured or semi-structured interviews, which are used as crucial data collection instruments. 384 households were sample size of this study. Questionnaire data was distributed for this sample population. Furthermore, poor governance in municipality land administration process. Constraints in institutional capacity such as human resource issues-lack of skilled man power and low level of education, lack of training opportunities, low level of experience.

government of municipalities from optimally extracting land and property rates (SDPRP, 2002:21). There was no research conducted in the study area. This was believed as gap of this study.
Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the challenges of good governance in urban land administration process, which is found at of shashogo woreda municipality,

Objectives
The general objective of the study is assessing the associated factors that hindering good governance in land administration: the case of shashogo woreda municipality, Hadiya Zone, SNNPR Based on this, the specific objectives of the study are the following: To  Appraise the level of the openness of land information to residence of town  Determine factors affecting good governance in land administration process at Bonosha Municipality.

Conceptual Frame Work of the Study
The proposed conceptual framework builds on existing evidence that addresses factors that affect good governance in land administration. It shows how dependent and independent variables are related each other.
The following is a brief illustration of the relationship between independent and dependent variables.

Methodology and Method of Data Collection 3.1. Description of the Study Area and Sites of Data Collection
This study was conducted in Bonosha town which is located in 224km away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Bonosha town is administrative centre of the shashogo woreda. It is bordered by the Kembata Tembaro Zone in the south, Lemo woreda in the west, Anlemo woreda in the north west , Silti zone in the northeast and Alaba Special Woreda in the southeast. According to Shashogo Woreda Revenue Statistical Abstract/SWRSA (2013), 8200 are Bonosha town households .Administratively, the Woreda consists of two municipalities namely; Bonosha and Doisha, and 34 rural kebeles. Of these, Bonosha municipality was selected as centre of study area.

Study Approach and Target Population
The researcher was used both quantitative and qualitative data collection approaches. The target population for data collection is comprised from category of public that includes officials, service providers and ordinary, that is, service seeking people /households. Therefore, it is examined the public representatives, office holders, and residents from urban taken into consideration.

Inclusion and Exclusion criterion 3.3.1 Inclusive criteria
 Permanent resident of the Bonosha town (at least those who have lived for 1 years)

Exclusive criteria
 Those people who were severely ill or unable to respond and minority below the age of 18 years during the time of data collection were not approached.

. Sampling Procedure
A study participant was selected by using systematic random sampling technique until the required sample size fulfilled. The calculated sample was proportionally allocated to study Town. Then sampling interval 'k' was calculated dividing the total numbers of households by required sample size. The first household was taken randomly and every k th household was identified until the required sample size filled..

Study Design and Sampling Techniques
Cross sectional study was conducted to assess challenges of good governance in land administration of Bonosha municipality .A systematic random sampling technique was employed for households whereas the study area and the municipality were selected using purposive sampling techniques 3.6. Study Variable: 3.6.1. Dependent variable:  Good governance in land management at Bonosha municipality 3.6.2. Independent variables: Poor governance: Responsiveness, Transparency, information accessibility and Corruption Institutional capacity constraint ; • Level of Educational status • Lack of training • Lack of skill man power

Sources of Data Collection
For this study the investigator employed both secondary and primary sources of data.

The Nature of Data Collection Tools
The following data collection tools were employed i.e., questionnaire, in depth interview, key informant interviews and focus group discussion.

Data Analysis
Data was enter to SPSS 20.0 statistical software to edit, clean for inconsistencies and missing values and finally Journal of Resources Development and Management www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8397 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.64, 2020 5 to analyze. Different frequency tables and descriptive summaries was used to describe the study variables. Qualitative data such as interview and focal group discussion was analyzed by transcribing informant's ideas and views through narrations, descriptions and discussions to help capture aspects of the research that could not be done through the quantitative method. In all statistical analysis, confidence level was held at 95% and P-value is <0.05 (at 5% level of significance was considered as significant). Moreover, they were important to cross-check information obtained based on individual or personal interviews and questionnaire administration in order to find out authentic evidence out of data triangulation.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Socio-Demographic characteristics of the Respondents
The figure below shows the sex of the respondents who were surveyed in this Study. Of the 384 participants were sampled. From the total respondents, 283 (73.7%) were male while the rest, that is, 101 (26.3%) female respondents. These findings show that the majority who were surveyed in this Study was male and the others were female. This result is seen in following figure-4 On the topic of the income survey of the respondents, 89 (23.2%) had an income range between less than500 Birr per month, 85(22.1%) of respondents had an income range b/n 501-1000ETB, 74(19.3%) had between 1001-1500ETB, 70(18.2%) of respondents was b/n 1501-2000ETB and the remaining 66(17.2%) of participants had above 2000ETB. This illustrated that the majority of respondents' monthly income is less than 500ETB. This data is revealed as follows in the figure 5. Respondents also asked about their source of source of revenue. From the total 384 (100%) study population, large number of the respondents 125 (32.6%) were traders. Whereas the remaining respondents 112(29.2%), 74(19.3%), 50(13.0%), 18(4.7%), 5(1.3%) were Governmental employee, Farmer, day labourer, NGO workers and Housewife respectively. This result is shown as below in figure-6   Table 1 of item 1 reflects the percentage of respondents that have house and not in Bonosha town. Almost (94. 5%) of respondents have house in the town, while only about (5.5%) respondents do not have housing access in the town. In the meantime as shown in item 2 of the table, 79 (20. 6) percent of the respondents agree with accessibility of rules and regulations of the land administration. About 305 or (79.4%) of respondents however do not agree on that rules and regulations of the land administration are easily accessible. One of the limitations in this regard is the absence of adequate and open discussion forums between residents of the town and the concerned body of the municipality creating awareness on the issue. Statistical analysis also indicated there was significant association (χ 2 =23.535, p=0.000) between challenges of good governance and land administration, which is not easily obtainable in terms of its rules and regulations. The present finding goes to agree with literature, which states that there are many land use management issues that have a significant impact on the dynamics of the government system as a whole. Among these, lack of clarity in the legal framework governing urban land use, including the powers and functions assigned to various levels of government and lack of clear criteria and enforcement mechanisms for expropriation and compensation of privately occupied land are basic. These have prevented municipalities from effectively planning for land Journal of Resources Development andManagement www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8397 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.64, 2020 7 development within their jurisdictions. Moreover, institutional weaknesses in land management such as land survey and cadastral systems prevent government of municipalities from optimally extracting land and property rates (SDPRP, 2002:21). On public compliant on land issues (item 3 of the table) about 229 (59.6%) of respondents of the town as customer have reported that the public complaint on land issue is never solved on the specified period of time, while about 149 (38.8%) responded on sometimes basis and 6 (1.6%) on always basis.

Access of Housing and land administration process in Bonosha town
Besides, the information obtained from the above data tally was cross-checked with information from the participants of focus group discussion and interviews. Both ways of gotten information have suggested in fact for non-existence of transparency in the allocation and distribution of land by the municipality. In the main, the problem is centred in the lack of an open public forum for discussion about land allocation and distribution. In the opposite, the authorities of the municipality administration are presupposed to use the land for rent-seeking benefits by selling it illegally for individuals. As one informant told me, land selling negotiation takes place involving woreda or municipality officials with buyers like any commodity in the normal markets centres.

Transparency level of municipality Officials on land related issues
Respondents were asked about governance related question in land administration process like municipality officials are transparent? From the total 384 respondents, the majority 282(73.4%) are responded that the employee and officials not to be at all transparent, 93 (24.2%) of them are said that a majority of the employees/officials are not transparent, whereas the remaining 9 ((2.3%) of the respondents are transparent. The statistical analysis of the data showed for the presence of significant association (χ 2 =19.072, P = 0.000) between municipal land management process and lack of transparency. As a result, it is not surprising that the case does come to agree with the literature definition of good governance which states a clear and predictable legal framework, transparency and information on the management of national affairs at all levels" Sebudubudu (UNDP, 1997;2010). This result is revealed as below in figure -7

. The level of the openness/ accessibility of land related information to the residents of Town
Respondents of this study were asked about openness and accessibility of land related questions i.e. does your municipality carry out open discussion with people on issues of land administration and clarity rule and regulation of land? As data revealed that, the majority of the respondents 340 (88.5%) were said that Never, 44 (11.5) were said that sometimes. In agreement with questionnaire, the information based on interviews and focused groups discussion respondents asked about prevalence of corruption; they said that there is high degree of corruption in our municipality. The data indicated as in the following figure-8    (2013) As it can be observed from the data shown in Table 2, out of the 13 Bonosha Municipality employees 11(84.6%) are male, while 2 (15.4%) are female employees. Regarding educational level of employees, about 5 (38.8%) employees are either 10 th or 12 th complete, about 6 (46.2%) diploma holder, while the remaining 2 (15.4%) are degree holders .The majority (84.6%) of employees therefore lies in between grade 10 and /12 and diploma. For a municipality with standard of Bonosha town it can be said that the existence of 2 degree holders is not sufficient for good land management.
Fulfilment with the experience of employees is also minimal. It is observable that from the table that out of 13 employees 2 (15.4%) of belong to less than one year working experience, while 5 (38.4%) of them are within a range of 1-2 years experience and 4 (30.8%) of employees are within the range of 2-4 years experience. About 1 (7.7%) of employees belong to experience ranging from 4 to 5 year and only 1 (7.7%) has experience above five years. The result of data shows that the largest percentage (92.3%) of employees are with less than five years working experience. So, above findings are highly associated with good land management process of municipality.

Summary of Housing and Land Administration Finding
 The data shows that the majority respondents or 94 percent are house owner. Still, they are not fully content Journal of Resources Development and Management www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8397 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.64, 2020 9 with the service provision or implementation of government rules and regulations in this regard. The major sources of public complaints are said to stem of good governance, that is, from setback of transparency, responsiveness, corruption and open forums for public consultation.  In terms of institutional capacity, the constraints of Bonosha town include insufficient number of employees, skilled or specialized labor and low-level educational personnel. Moreover, there is no attempt to upgrade personnel capacity through training and further education.

Recommendation
Based on the findings researcher recommends the following challenges to be concerns of improvement.  They must emphasize on open government management in order to resolve local affairs. They should be responsive, transparent and open to public judgment by establishing offices that could receive and settle people complaints. They should have commitment to bring irresponsible workers and officials to due process of law for every criminal act against the public interest.  The municipality management together with woreda administrators should empower the capacity of the land administration staffs by providing short and long-term trainings to reduce related issues. The result of Table  1 of item 2 indicates that 79.4% of respondents agree that they were not able to obtain easily the rules and regulations of the land administration. The result of Table 1 of item 3 indicates that 59.6% of customary respondents reported that the public complaint on land issues have no proper responses.  This can be achieved by empowering the capacity of municipality officials through long and short-range trainings.