Environmental, Economical and Social Implication of Jatropha: A Systematic Review

Jatropha curcas: from leaves, latex, roots, and seeds different bioactive or commercially important ingredients have been extracted using different methods. Jatropha curcas L is a multipurpose plant and a member of the family Euphorb eaceae with several application and considerable potential. The plant produces many useful products, especially the seed, from which oil can be extracted; this oil can be used as a feed stock for biodiesel. The extracted oil can also be used for making soap, glue, dye, etc. The leaves shoot latex, roots and seed oil has medicinal properties. The fruit exo carp (coat), seed shell and processed seed cake are rich in nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and can be used as fertilizer. Newly developed biotechnological processes related to the exploitation of J. curcas include the genetic improvement of the plant, biological pest control, enzyme-supported oil extraction, anaerobic fermentation of the press cake and the isolation of anti inflammatory substances and wound-healing enzymes. In General Jatropha curcas is a quick-growing and popular tree. It is a traditionally important medicinal plant and having various commercial applications.

paralysis, rheumatism; also applied to hard tumors. Latex used to dress sores and ulcers and inflamed tongues. Seed is viewed as aperient; the seed oil is emetic, laxative, purgative and for skin ailments; root decoction as a mouthwash for bleeding gums (Duke JA. 1983).

2.1) Root
The roots are used to make an antidote for snake bites (Oliver, 2006). The roots are used in decoction as mouth wash for bleeding gums and tooth ache as well as for eczema, scabies and ringworm. Venezuelans take the root decoction for dysentery (Morton, 1981).
Use of Jatropha roots in the treatment of diarrhoea is a common ethnobotanical practice in Konkan, a part of the Western coastal area of India. Roots of this species were undertaken for pharmacognostic studies and evaluation of antidiarrhoeal activity in albino mice. The methanol fraction after successive extraction showed activity against castor oil induced diarrhoea and intraluminal accumulation of fluid. It also reduced gastrointestinal motility after charcoal meal administration in albino mice. The results indicate that action of J. curcus root methanol extract could be through a combination of inhibition of elevated prostaglandin biosynthesis and reduced propulsive movement of the small intestine (.Upadhye AS eta.l,2000) Anti inflammatory activity of topical application of Jatropha curcas L. root powder in paste form in TPAinduced ear inflammation was confirmed in albino mice and successive solvent extraction of these roots was carried out by ether and methanol. The methanol extract exhibited systemic and significant anti inflammatory activity in acute carrageenan induced rat paw edema. It also showed activity against formalin-induced rat paw edema, turpentine-induced exudative changes and cotton pellet-induced granular tissue formation after oral treatment for 7 days in albino rats. Thus resultant anti inflammatory activity might be due to effects on several mediators and arachidonic acid metabolism involving cyclooxygenase pathway resulting in prostaglandin formation; anti-proliferative activity leading to reduction in granular tissue formation and leukocyte migration from the vessels (, Misar AV. J Ethnopharmacol 2004) . Ashe of the burned roots is used as a salt substitute (Morton, 1981). Agaceta et al.;(1981) concluded that it has strong molluscicidal activity. Duke and Wain (1981) list it as homicide, piscicide, and raticide as well.
J. curcas Linn.is traditionally used as a haemostatic. Investigation of the coagulant activity of the latex of J. curcas showed that whole latex significantly (P<0.01) reduced the clotting time of human blood. Diluted latex, however, prolonged the clotting time: at high dilutions, the blood did not clot at all. This indicates that J. curcas latex possesses both coagulant and anticoagulant activities. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) tests on plasma confirm these observations. Solvent partitioning of the latex with ethyl acetate and butanol led to a partial separation of the two opposing activities: at low concentrations, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited a procoagulant activity, while the butanol fraction had the highest anticoagulant activity.
The latex was strongly inhibitory to watermelon mosaic virus (Tewari and Shukla, 1982). Also Latex is applied topically to bee and wasp stings. Mauritians massage ascitic limbs with the oil. Cameroon natives apply the leaf decoction in arthritis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Cubans apply the latex to toothache. Colombians and Costa Ricans apply the latex to burns, hemorrhoids, ringworm, and ulcers. Latex is used to dress sores and ulcers and inflamed tongues (Perry, 1980), ( J Ethnopharmacol 2003). Latex applied topically to bee and wasp stings.

2.3) Jatropha Stem
Stems of young leaves have been used to successfully treat urinary infections. The tender twig can also be used as atooth brush to clean the teeth (Gill, 1992;Hasfort, 2000).

2.4) Jatropha Leaves
Bacteriological and parasitologic tests were carried out on laboratory bench surfaces using the sap and crushed leaves of J. curcas. Observation showed that the sap exhibited germicidal actions on the growth of common bacteria of Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Micrococcus species on contact and retained such effects on treated laboratory bench surface for close to six hours after initial application. Ova of Ascaris lumbricoides and Necator americanus incubated in 50% and 100% concentrations of the sap at room temperature showed either no evidence of embryonation after 21 days in the case of A. lumbricoides, negation of hatchability in hookworm or complete distortion in both. The sap also exhibited strong inhibitory effect on normal larval growth of mosquito, but was highly toxic to mice when administered through oral or intraperitoneal routes. This may conclude that J. 4 curcas would provide a very cheap, readily available disinfectant and malaria vector control agent and should be commercially exploited (Ahmed OM etal ,1979).
Making a compress from the leaves and placing it on the sore tooth will help relieve pains (RejoreandBatra, 2003). Sap from the leaves can also be rubbed on to the gum of babies to aid with teething. The tea from the leaves could help with the reduction of fever and help with jaundice and gonorrhea. Cameroon natives apply the leaf decoction in arthritis ( Mujumdar AM etal,2004) . Colombians drink the leaf decoction for venereal disease. Bahamans drink the decoction for heartburn. Costa Ricans poultice leaves onto erysipelas and splenosis.Colombians drink the leaf decoction for venereal disease. Bahamans drink the decoction for heartburn. Costa Ricans poultice leaves onto erysipelas and splenosis. Guatemalans place heated leaves on the breast as a lactagogue. Barbadians use the leaf tea for marasmus and Panamanians for jaundice. Leaves are regarded as antiparasitic, applied to scabies; rubefacient for paralysis, rheumatism; also applied to hard tumors (Hartwell, 1967(Hartwell, -1971. According to Ochse (1980), "the young leaves may be safely eaten, steamed or stewed."

2.6) Jatropha Plant Bark
The extract from J. curcas accelerates the healing process by increasing the skin breaking strength, granulation tissue breaking strength, wound contraction, dry granulation tissue weight and hydroxyproline levels. A significant decrease in epithelization period was also observed.The histopathological examination of granulation tissue showed much advanced phase of healing, with more collagen, which has organized to form bundles (Shetty S. etal, 2006). Bark is also used as a fish poison (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

2.7) Extracted Oil of Jatropha
Jatropha seed oil at various serial dilutions ranging from 0% to 2% (v/w) at 0.5% intervals were evaluated for anti-ovipositional activity and long-term protective ability of treated cowpeas against the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. The oil significantly (P< 0.05) reduced oviposition by C. maculatus in no-choice test in all the concentrations tested. Oviposition was significantly reduced at all the oil concentration evaluated. J. curcas oil also offers a 12-week protection for treated seeds since there was neither seed damage nor adult emergency in treated cowpea seeds. The results of this study suggest J. curcas has antioviposition and ovicidal effects on C. maculatus therefore making it a viable candidate for incorporation into pest control program of gain legumes (Adedire CO, etal, 2003).The oil obtained from jatropha is used for illumination, making soap and candles, adulterate of olive oil, and making Turkey red oil. Nuts can be strung on grass and burned like candlenuts (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). In India, pounded leaves are applied near horses' eyes to repel flies.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION OF JATROPHA
J. curcas is a promising species because of its useful and profitable by-products. The chemical composition of various parts of J. curcas plant, which has industrial applications, is given in Table 2. Jatropha oil has various uses and apart from its use as a biofuel, the oil has been used to produce soup, medicine and pesticides (Shanker and Dhyani, 2006). The utilization of various parts of J. curcas L. is reviewed here, to know the potentials for improving economic situation of various tropical and subtropical countries.

3.1) Fine Chemical and Catalyst:
_J.curacas is one of an important raw material for extraction of fine chemicals and catalysts form different parts (root,cake,seed..). Table 2. Chemical composition of different parts of jatropha curcas plant

Various parts Chemical composition with references
Root β-sitosterol and its β-D-glucoside, marmesin, propacin, the curculathyranes A and B and the curcusones A-D, diterpenoids jatrophol and jatropholone A and B, the coumarin tomentin, the coumarino-lignan jatrophin as well as taraxerol [Naengchomnong et al., 1986[Naengchomnong et al., , 1994. Steam bark β-Amyrin, β-sitosterol and taraxerol [Mitra et al., 1970] Leaves Flavaonoids apigenin, vitexin, isovitexin, dimmer of atriterpene alcohol (C63H117O9) and two flavonoidal glycosides [Mitra et al., 1970;Khafagy et al., 1977;Hufford and Oguntimein, 1987] Aerial parts Organic acids (o and p-coumaric acid, p-OH-benzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, resorsilic acid, saponins and tannins, β-Amyrin, β-sitosterol and taraxerol [Hemalatha and Radhakrishnaiah, 1993] Latex Curcacycline A, a cyclic octapeptide, Curcain (a protease) [ Van den Berg et al., 1995;Nath and Dutta, 1991] Seeds Curcin, lectin, phorbolesters, esterases (JEA) and lipase (JEB) [Stirpe et al., 1976;Adolf et al., 1984;Makkar et al., 1997;Staubmann et al., 1999 Two new esterases (JEA and JEB) and a lipase (JL) were extracted from the seeds of J .curas. Lipase activity was only found during germination of the seeds and increased to a maximum after 4 days of germination. All enzymes were found to be most active in the alkaline range at around pH 8 and the purified (fractionated precipitation with ethanol and gel filtration) esterases were very stable at high temperatures. The molecular weight (SDSPAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) of both esterases was determined to be 21.6-23.5 kDa (JEA) and 30.2 kDa (JEB) and the isoelectric point was 5.7-6.1 for esterase JEA and 9.0 for esterase JEB. Most ions caused a negative influence on the activity of both esterases. Both esterases hydrolyzed tributyrin, nitrophenyl esters up to a chain length of C4 and naphtylesters up to a chain length C6. In transesterification reactions, JL was found to be most active at very low water activities (0.2) and in high water activities, the lipase hydrolysed triglycerides into conversions above 80%. JL is a potentially useful biocatalyst in the hydrolysis of triglycerides in organic solvents (Steiner W etal, 1999).

3.2) Soap production
The local production of soap is one of the most economically attractive uses of jatropha oil. The glycerin byproduct of the trans-esertification process can be used to make a high quality soap, or it can be refined and sold at a range of prices, depending on its purity, to be used in an immense range of products, including cosmetics, toothpaste, embalming fluids, pipe joint cement, cough medicine, and tobacco (as a moistening agent). The soap has positive effects on the skin and is therefore marketed for medicinal purposes. Jatropha oil is used mainly in the manufacture of high quality soap. According to the IPGI report, pressing of 12 kg of seeds yields 3 L of oil that is then transformed into soap, 28 pieces of soap of 170 g each, which is 4.76 kg. This takes 5 h of work (estimated). The total input is added to US $3.04. The soap can be sold for US $4.20, and the resulting 9 kg of press cake is well appreciated as organic fertilizer and can be sold for US $0.27; a total revenue of US $4.47 (Benge,2006).

3.3) Botanical Pesticide
Extracts from all parts of the physic nut showed insecticidal properties on plants ( Grainge and Ahmed, 1988;Consoli et al., 1989;Jain and Trivedi, 1997;Meshram et al., 1994). Most of the experiments done are still in experimental stage. The oil and aqueous extract from oil has potential as an insecticide. For instance, it has been used in the control of insect pests of cotton including cotton bollworm, and on pests of pulses, potato and corn (Kaushik and Kumar, 2004). The pesticidal action of the seed oil is also the subject of research of International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, (ICRISAT) in India. Jatropha caraculs is an important means for the preparation of pesticides(Wilson et al 2013)

3.4) Fertilizer
The byproduct of oil extraction from the seeds and kernels is called seed cake. Jatropha seed cake contains curcin, a highly toxic protein similar to ricin in Castor, making it unsuitable for animal feed. However, it does have potential as good organic manure (Staubmann et al., 1997;Gubitz et al., 1999), replacing chemical fertilizer since it has nitrogen content (Kumar and Sharma, 2008) similar to that of neem oil cake, castor bean, cow/chicken manure (Table 4). The nitrogen content ranges from 3.2 to 3.8% (Juillet et al., 1955;Moreira, 1979;Vohringer, 1987). Application showed phytotoxicity, expressed as reduced germination, when high rates of up to 5 tonnes ha -1 was used. The GTZ project in Mali carried out a fertilizer trial with pearl millet where the effects of manure (5 tonnes/ha), physic nut oil cake (5 tonnes/ha) and mineral fertilizer (100 kg ammonium phosphate and 50 kg urea/ha) on pearl millet were compared (Henning et al., 1995). Pearl millet yields per hectare were maximum (1366 kg) in physic nut oil cake treatment. As the costs for mineral fertilizer were higher than those of the oil cake (Henning et al., 1995), it is appreciated by the farmers and can be sold for 10 FCFA per kg (US $0.02/kg).

3.5) Raw material for dye
The bark of J. curcas yields a dark blue dye which is reported to be used for coloring cloth, fishing nets and lines. The dye may be extracted from leaves and tender stems and concentrated to yellowish syrup or dried to blackish brown lumpy mass. The dye imparts to cotton different shades of tan and brown which are fairly fast. Further

3.6) For Food Consumption
Jatropha can be toxic when consumed and many cases of poisoning with physic nut are reported in the literature (Siegel, 1893). However, a non-toxic variety of jatropha is reported to exist in some provenances of Mexico and Central America, said not to contain toxic Phorbol esters (Makkar et al., 1998a, b). This variety is used for human consumption after roasting the seeds/nuts (Delgado and Parado, 1989), and "the young leaves may be safely eaten, steamed or stewed." When grown from seeds, the plants are edible for the first 3 months, since the toxic material has not been developed yet. Levingston and Zamora (1983) report that jatropha seeds are edible once the embryo has been removed; nevertheless on principal, consumption of seeds should be avoided. Therefore, it will serve for food security achievements in poor countries. Non-toxic variety of jatropha could be a potential source of oil for human consumption, and the seed cake can be a good protein source for humans as well as for livestock (Becker, 1996;Becker, 1997, 1999;Aregheore,2003).

3.7) Production of biofuel
Jatropha curcas oil is one of the feedstock to be biofuel production. Jatropha is very important in the production of biodiesel since it is a nonedible plant and will not cause competition on human food. Advances in the use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel are aimed at providing cheap and renewable energy, which is easy to manufacture and more importantly clean and more environmentally friendly (C. L. Peterson etal, 1999).
The conventional process for biofuel production is based on the alcoholysis of jatropha curcas oils in the presence of base catalyst carried out in batch stirred reactors. This process needs more 2 hours for complete reaction of oil to biofuel ( Muh Irwan etal, 1983). Various features like, ease of production, sustainability and environmentally friendly nature of biomass draw attention as a potential renewable energy to replenish fossil fuel demand. Among the crops identified as energy crops for first generation biofuels, Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) has been acknowledged as one of the promising candidates (Del Greco, etal, 2008). Parts of Jatropha plant, like wood, fruit shells, seed husks and kernels, are used to produce energy (Singh, R., et al, 2008). Raw oil is the major resource obtained from Jatropha. Depending on the variety/cultivars, decorticated seeds contain 40-60% oil.

3.8) other uses
Jatropha oil is also used to soften leather and lubricate machinery (e.g. chain saws). If seed cake is available in large quantities, it can also be used as a fuel for steam turbines to generate electricity. Apart from the bio-diesel application, the oil finds the application in cosmetic industries, for the manufacture of candles and soap. The extraction of the biodiesel after transesterification of the seed oil, leads to two main by-products that is glycerol and press or oil cake. Glycerol has many useful industrial applications as a raw material for the synthesis of 1, 3 propane-diol and other polymeric materials (Sharma, 2008). The bark of jatropha contains tannin. It can also have the honey production potential as the flowers can attract bees.
Optimum growing conditions are found in areas of 1 000 to 1 500 mm annual rainfall, with temperatures of 20°C to 28°C with no frost, and where the soils are free-draining sands and loams with no risk of waterlogging. Propagation is typically from seed. Cuttings offer the benefit of uniform productivity with the disadvantage that they do not generally develop a tap root. The production of clonal and disease-free plants using tissue culture is not yet a commercial reality. Attention to crop husbandry and adequate nutrition and water are essential to achieving high yields. Pruning is important to increase the number of flowering branches.

SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPORTANCE OF JATROPHA
The Jatropha System is an integrated rural development approach. By planting Jatropha hedges to protect gardens and fields against roaming animals, the oil from the seeds can be used for soap production, for lighting and cooking and as fuel in special diesel engines. Although optimum ecological conditions for jatropha production are in the warm subhumid tropics and subtropics, jatropha's ability to grow in dry areas on degraded soils that are marginally suited for agriculture makes it especially attractive. In addition, jatropha can be used as a living fence to keep out livestock, control soil erosion and improve water infiltration. The waste products from jatropha biodiesel production can be used as fertilizer and for producing biogas, and the jatropha seedcake can potentially be used for livestock feed.
In this way the Jatropha System covers 4 main aspects of rural development: promotion of women (local soap production); Poverty reduction (protecting crops and selling seeds, oil and soap). erosion control (planting hedges); energy supply for the household and stationary engines in the rural area; The obvious advantage of this system is that all the processing procedure, and thus all added value, can be Journal of Resources Development andManagement www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8397 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.74, 2021 8 kept within the rural area or even within one village. No centralized processing (like in the cotton industry) is necessary.
Government policy in support of rural development, the third main driver of biofuel growth, has been enabled by the large demand for biofuel feedstocks and the import substitution potential of biofuels. In OECD countries, biofuels are seen as a new market opportunity due to their ability to absorb surplus agricultural production while maintaining productive capacity in the rural sector. In developing countries, biofuels can contribute to rural development in three main areas: employment creation, income generation and by replacing traditional biomass, which is an inefficient and unsustainable energy resource, with modern and sustainable forms of bioenergy.
Economies of scale and the vertical integration required for biofuel production allow little scope for small farmers to benefit. This is particularly true in bioethanol production and will be even more so with second-and third-generation biofuels, unless specific efforts are made to include small farmers in biofuel production schemes. There is more potential for biodiesel to be produced on a smaller scale, although maintaining consistent quality standards will be a problem. Small-scale production of straight vegetable oil requires the least economies of scale and has the greatest potential to benefit small farmers and rural development.

4.1) Erosion control as hedge plant and biofence
Jatropha is planted in the form of hedges around gardens or fields to protect the crops against roaming animals like cattle orgoats; Jatropha hedges are planted to reduce erosion caused by waterand/or wind; Jatropha is planted to demarcate the boundaries of fields andhomesteads; Jatropha plants are used as a source of shade for coffee plants in Cuba; In Comore islands, in Papua New Guinea and in Uganda Jatropha plants are used as a support plant for vanilla plants;

4.2) Climate change Mitigation
The need to slow or reverse global warming is now widely accepted. This requires reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Using cultivated and non-domesticated plants for energy needs instead of fossilized plant remains such as mineral oil and coal reduces the net addition of CO2 to the atmosphere. In addition, biodiesel produces fewer particulates, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxides than mineral diesel and therefore reduces combustion and vehicle exhaust pollutants that are harmful to human health.

RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
J. curcas is a "miracle tree" and certainly a highly interesting plant with potential uses, particularly as biofuel to help in combating the energy crisis throughout the world and generate income in rural areas of developing countries. The jatropha plant can become globally competitive due to the fact that it belongs to a non-edible category and does not compete with food. Jatropha oil is a clean fuel reducing greenhouse gas emissions, has greater lubricity and reduces engine wear. Pure jatropha biodiesel is non-toxic in nature. The literature findings reveals several successful application of jatropha which includes functions like soil water conservation, soil reclamation, erosion control, living fences, green manure, lightning fuel, local use in soap production, insecticide and as raw material for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. From the above discussions, it is clear that the jatropha plant has capabilities to provide the products for different applications apart as a diesel substitute which needs to be captured and improved. Jatropha is economically viable not only to the growers but also to the processors and end users. To the rural society, the crop can create regular employment opportunities, as it provides never ending marketing potential. The research on the utilization of the by-products of jatropha namely seed husk, seed kernel, glycerol, etc. in the material manufacturing area needs to be explored.
Newly developed biotechnological processes related to the exploitation of J. curcas include the genetic improvement of the plant, biological pest control, enzyme-supported oil extraction, anaerobic fermentation of the press cake and the isolation of antiinflammatory substances and wound-healing enzymes.
In General Jatropha curcas is a quick-growing and popular tree. It is a traditionally important medicinal plant and having various commercial applications.
The main constituents are curcin, curcusone B, curcain, campesterol and curcacycline-A. The plant having toxic potential, toxicity is due to curcin and tetramethylpyrazine. The seed oil contains phorbol esters, known to cause a large number of biological effects. However, the toxicity can be managed by deacidification and bleaching of phorbolesters.
Rehabilitating degraded areas and protecting the land from wind erosion: Preliminary studies have shown