A Proposed Model for Maximizing Broadband Penetration with Submarine Cable in Nigeria

This publication is purely research and accumulated intellect based. The bottom up approach adopted in this research was focused on the Bandwidth Implications of Submarine Cable to Broadband Development in Nigeria. The study tried to pinpoint some underlying fundamental issues limiting the development of Fibre Broadband in Nigeria. The various sources of undersea cables and there various capacities were well evaluated as well as the socio economic importance of broadband and its numerous applications. Other sources of broadband were also highlighted, with strategies on how to increase broadband penetration in Nigeria. The economic implication of bandwidth and its relationship with national development, was well introduced using the 2016 human development report by United Nations Development Program. Analytical presentation of a proposed model for an interconnected long haul national backbone was also presented with the immerse benefits listed out. The study came to a conclusion with strong summarized recommendations followed by references.

penetration is still not at optimum levels and the bandwidth made available by undersea cables is still underutilized. Broadband penetration in Nigeria currently sits at 21 percent while internet penetration is at 43 percent (EMPEA, 2014), which is not a positive reflection of the resources, investments, the available bandwidth and untapped opportunities presented by the undersea cables we have on our shores.

Related Works
The unending series of innovations and research put into the production of undersea cables have continued to transform the pace and zest in telecommunication on a global scale. In this paper, past works and publications related to the subject of study which includes related works on undersea cables and Broadband penetration in Nigeria and parts of Africa were carefully evaluated and analyzed. The reviewed literatures were gotten from Journal publications, articles, web publications and online newsletters.

The Undersea Cable Boom in Sub-Saharan Africa
The above paper (Forden, 2015) assessed the investments made by governments, consortiums and private companies in integrating undersea cables into the Sub-Saharan telecommunications network as part of efforts to boost economic viability of the region. It is the opinion of the author that Africa being left of the undersea cable boom that took place in the late 1990's, is yet to fully realize the potentials and benefits of international telecommunications connectivity with Sub-Saharan Africa of which Nigeria is a part of barely contributing 0.2 percent of the global telecommunications bandwidth between 2004 -2009. However the author further points out that over $3 billion dollars have been spent on the deployment of undersea cable networks in Africa between 2007 -2012 which indicates a massive surge in investments and investor confidence in African communications networks. The author goes on to list out obstacles that have restricted sub-Saharan Africa from experiencing high demand in internet services. Citing low per capita incomes as a factor that will users from owning a personal computer or smartphone. Other obstacles listed are low bandwidth due to 2G networks provided by mobile network providers and lastly unreliable dynamic networks.
It is not out of place to point out that the authors assumptions were not totally accurate because despite the low per capita income mobile telecommunications companies have designed smartphones and personal computer for low income earners to ensure that no one is left out to digital divide. Also most parts of sub-Saharan Africa currently are being integrated with 4G LTE network packages by different mobile network providers, allowing subscribers to experience standard broadband services as seen in other parts of the developed world. The author did not assess the profits made on investments in African undersea cable networks neither did he analyze policies and regulations that's have affected the viability of investments in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The Poor State of Broadband in Nigeria: An Impediment to National Development and Globalisation
This paper (Ariyo & Olaojoyetan, 2013) evaluates Broadband penetration in Nigeria using to the 2013 Global Information Technology Report (GITR) by the World Economic Forum as a bench mark. It reveals that Nigeria being ranked as no 113 in the world has a very low Network readiness Index (NRI) of 3.27 which is disappointing when compared to Ghana (no. 95) with NRI of 3.51 and South Africa (no. 70) with NRI of 3.87. The paper also takes a look at the present state of undersea cables in Nigeria and goes on to further pinpoint, some of the issues and problems hindering broadband penetration in the country. Listing high cost of procuring right of way, multiple taxation and lack of adequate power supply as part of the critical issues that has adversely affected broadband penetration in Nigeria. It is the position of the author that an increase in broadband will result in a commensurate increase in national economic growth. Giving reference to the World Bank information and communications report of 2009, it shows that developing countries experienced 1.38 percent increase in economic growth for every 10 percent points of broadband penetration. The paper however does not give insight on polices and regulations that have poorly affected investments in broadband services. Neither does the authors examine the applications and services offered by undersea cables and broadband respectively.

Fibre Broadband Development In Nigeria: A Catalyst To Economic Growth And Social Development
This paper (Ariyo et al, 2014) reviews the history of broadband development laying emphasis on preceding technologies such as Dial up Internet and Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL). It goes on to define the individual properties of fibre broadband with respect the components that make up fibre optic networks.
The paper does not give a holistic view of fibre broadband development in Nigeria as most of the references are based on developments in the United Kingdom. Furthermore there is little information on the history of broadband in Nigeria and milestones which has helped to shape the broadband infrastructure we have today. Therefore readers cannot draw a comprehensive conclusion as regards that statutory factors that have laid the ground work for fibre broadband from this paper. However issues pointed out by the authors such as the lack of an interconnected backbone, and the continuous existence of a redundant NITEL as a national operator are critical issues that have contributed to the slow pace and low penetration of broadband in Nigeria. Stating The Conversion Technology Experts report of 2014, the paper notes that Nigeria's broadband penetration remains at 6 percent while internet penetration is between 28 to 33 percent.

Lowering the costs of International Bandwidth in Africa
This paper (Jensen, 2006) describes bandwidth as the Life-blood of the world's knowledge economy. It blames lack of low cost communication needed by African nations to improve social economic development on the high cost of international connections to global telecommunications backbones. Which is much higher in Africa compared to Europe and North America. As part of the issues contributing to the slow pace of bandwidth availability in Africa, the paper decries the monopoly created by the consortium based deployment model in the SAT3/WASC/SAFE cable which has only succeeded in keeping the cost of bandwidth on the rise in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the fact that it's the region with the highest unmet demand for telecommunication services. The paper clamours for cost based pricing and operations model where the undersea cable and landing points are operated on a non-profit basis. The author suggests that a special purpose vehicle (SPV) which will serve as an investment vehicle and operator, be established to operate fibre facilities with the objective of facilitating profits made by participating companies and also allow the participation of new operators that might bring funding and other benefits to the table. As a solution curtail the strong hold of monopolies on telecommunications networks, the author proffers a viable structure which is divided into two parts where the national cable landing points are managed by a national association of bandwidth providers, and the cable will be owned by a mix of operators including private and public investors. This creates a competitive environment needed for effective pricing of bandwidth allowing the end user to enjoy more value from telecommunications services.

Submarine cable Design Analysis
The propagation of light in optical fibre is hinged on the principle of refraction, which involves the change of direction in a wave as it travels resulting from a change in medium of propagation (Wikipedia, 2017).
The Refractive index being the ratio of light velocity in a vacuum to light velocity in a medium (Senior, 2009) is a measure of angles of incidence and angles of refraction created by bending light waves.

Snell's Law of Refraction
The principal law guiding the refraction of light waves propagation through a medium states that: n 1 * sin φ1 = n 2 * sin φ2 n 1 > n2 φ1 < φ2 Total Internal Reflection Critical angle: φc φ2 = π/2 φc =arcsin[n2 / n 1] If φ1 > φc, there is no transmission into the cladding as the ray remains reflected in the core of the optical fibre. Where n 1, n2 represent the refractive indexes of core and cladding respectively, φ1 < φ2 represents the angles of incidence and angles of refraction, while φc represents the critical angle of the incident ray. The propagation of light rays in optical fibre makes it the ideal for transmission over long distances. Table 3.1 shows the basic different types of fibre optic cables and their applications.

The Capacity and Coverage area of Submarine Cables in Nigeria
In the midst of an unending network of Global undersea cables, Nigeria has an impressive robust network of undersea cables all landing on the south west coast of Lagos with a combined bandwidth capacity of 14.9 Tbps. These five cables namely Ace, Main one, Glo 1, Sat-3/SAFE, and WACS are all responsible for the transmission of over 70% of the communication going in and out from Nigeria. The deployment of all these number of cables, each with a substantial bandwidth capacity has created a competitive atmosphere which has seen broadband pricing and rates gradually dwindle over the years. However despite the enormous bandwidth being provided by these undersea cables, Nigeria still suffers broadband underutilization as broadband penetration is currently at 21 percent.

Role of Broadband in National Development
The role of broadband cannot be overemphasized in economic development of any nation. It is proven that developing countries experience a growth of 1.3 percent in Gross Domestic Product for every 10 percent increase in broadband penetration Williams (2013).

Strategies for Broadband Development
In this paper, useful steps on how to maximize some of the opportunities being made available by the current innovations in broadband access are provided, as well as useful suggestions that may be helpful in overcoming some of the challenges being presented in the previous sections.

Need for Public Sensitization
The importance of informing the general public on the essence and service opportunities of fibre broadband cannot be over emphasized. Unlike power lines that everyone understands the purpose for which it is installed and collectively protect it from vandals, the average Nigerian knows that if his powerline or transformer is tampered with by unauthorized persons he/she will suffer the consequences by having to stay without electricity supply until the situation is rectified. Thus they readily accost anyone they see engaging in any activity around the power system. However, most Nigerians do not know what fibre optic cables are, how they work, and why they are so important and should be protected. Proper sensitization is needed as we have with both electric power distribution and oil and gas pipelines, to make people understand that cutting one single fibre optic cable could result to a total shutdown of communication activities in a region. Which is not only counterproductive but can also result in serious casualties should an emergency situation arise in such region. The government alone cannot protect the entire span of cables across the country but by making people realize that it is a collective responsibility to protect broadband infrastructure, they will appreciate the importance of such infrastructure.

Need for Digital Literacy
Despite Nigeria being often referred to as "The Giant of Africa" a lot of Nigerians are yet to come to terms with the use of broadband services such as video calling, e banking, e health, e commerce etc. despite having these services already being made available to them by telecommunications operators. Most persons are biased when it comes to digital services and feel that the use of digital services exposes them to become victims of fraudsters, stalkers, robbers and kidnappers hence they completely shun the use of such services. For proper utilization of broadband in Nigeria, digital literacy of citizens must be encouraged through campaigns and training programmes. Also the actual use of digital services should be enforced by both government agencies at all levels and private establishments to help more persons get conversant and acquainted with broadband services which in turn helps to reduce the digital divide.

Stringent Laws and Fines to Protect Assets and Infrastructure
To help curb the incessant vandalization and destruction of broadband infrastructure, the government at federal and state levels should pass and enforce stronger laws that prohibit unauthorized access to telecommunications infrastructure with heavier fines to serve as a deterrent to would be culprits. These laws should be made public so that the general public would be aware that any persons caught would face severe punishment.

Expansion and Promotion of Fibre Optic Last Mile Networks
Last mile networks ensure broadband connectivity to the end user. Fibre optic last mile network deployment is still not widely recognized and is only used by multinationals, government agencies, banks and universities (Oboyerulu et al, 2017). In Nigeria, last mile connectivity is primarily achieved using wireless connectivity, which is propagated by the increase in the use of mobile devices by end users. The promotion of fibre optic last mile connectivity using FTTH and FTTC technology will not only boost broadband penetration in rural areas but will avail rural dwellers the opportunity to remain competitive and up to date with social and economic activities as their counterparts in urban areas.

Government Participation in Creation of National Backbone
There is need for both public and private partnerships between the government and telecommunications operators in ensuring that Nigeria has an interconnected national backbone. The present cost of right of way, taxation and other issues raised in the previous chapter all contribute to inflate the difficulties encountered by telecommunication network companies in laying fibre optic cables across the country. The government needs to partner directly with these companies and share equity with these companies in fibre optic cable ownership. Rather than having multiple pockets and clusters of fibre broadband across the country, a more collective approach would allow these companies to interconnect their individual fibre infrastructure with each other. Thereby ensuring that all existing multiple infrastructure can function as one strong national backbone with sufficient redundant links.

Proposed Model for Maximizing Bandwidth Penetration in Nigeria
In order to archive optimal broadband penetration and resolve the issues created by the lack of an interconnected fibre network, a new model has to be implemented which takes into account the peculiar challenges currently facing the telecommunications industry and resolves them with the following features; 1. Extension of undersea cable landing points to Port Harcourt 2. Creation of long haul feeder networks to transverse the entire country 3. Establishment of hubs or central stations that monitor and create access to feeder network. 4. Establishment of local stations which create access to multiple metropolitan networks. 5. Ensure network survivability at event of fibre cut or equipment malfunction

Cost Implication of Proposed Model
In calculating cost requirements, the following assumptions were made the estimated cost per Km for installing a long haul feeder cable was estimated at $6,000 USD per km according to build out cost for fibre optic infrastructure in Nigeria (Nigerian National Broadband Plan 2013. It was assumed that ROW taxes where waived by the Federal Government or paid for through special interventions by the Federal Government to affected State since this domestic backbone is a national asset.

Economic Implication of Proposed Model
The implementation of this proposed model will not only mean having an organized domestic interconnected network but will also increase broadband penetration. A gradual 10 percent annual growth in broadband penetration will ensure that Nigeria achieves over 70 percent broadband penetration by 2022 (Figure 4.2). This development will also result in a cumulative increase by 6.6 percent in the gross domestic product of Nigeria by 2022.

Benefits of Proposed Architecture
1. This proposed model cuts down on cost of laying cables by network operators by allowing them connect to the nearest central station closest to the proposed location rather than having to begin laying cables from the landing points in Lagos. 2. It avails all existing and incoming telecommunication companies the opportunity to get access to bandwidth at an effect cost based price. 3. It serves as an investment vehicle for both the federal government and telecommunications operators. 4. It eliminates issues of multiple taxation as the feeder network is under the supervision of the federal government and is treated as a national asset. 5. Extension of landing points to Port Harcourt reduces pressure on Lagos fibre optic networks and also helps to ensure network protection as the network is being supplied bandwidth from multiple landing points in different locations. 6. Fibre services such as FTTH, FTTC are easily accessible as customers will only have to connect to the nearest local station. 7. Improved broadband coverage and user experience for end users irrespective of location.

Conclusion
The current existing realities have proven that access to information is essential for any nation to attain global recognition in socio -economic development, financial relevance, military dominance, educational prominence and health advancement. Undersea cables have already provided a gateway for high speed connectivity to the rest of the world. However the pertinent issues surrounding the affordability and access to broadband must be carefully addressed to ensure that the efforts made so far are not in vain. Fibre broadband if allowed to develop, can provide the mechanism needed for improved standard of living by motivating digital literacy among end users.