The Media, Journalism and Sustainable Development Communication for Nation Building: Literature Review

In recent decades, global calls toward sustainable development is increasing especially with the development goals set by the United Nations from the last two decades for nations to achieve, namely the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and, currently Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, nearly all poor countries and most developing nations particularly in Africa and Asia did not make substantial progress toward achieving most of the MDGs. Consequently, in a world of full of uncertainties and unforeseen natural disasters such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the attendant global economic depression, governments are apprehensive of another failure regarding the SDGs. In addition, governments’ lackadaisical attitude toward prioritizing sustainable development projects driven by a lack of research in communication for development has been highlighted as a critical setback. To address this problem, this paper critically reviewed development literature – communication for development and sustainable development with a view to providing a further understanding of the concept of development in terms of both communication and sustainability through a critical analysis of existing discourse and literature. This literature review pointed out the role and power on sustainable development in developing nations. This literature review will be a useful reference for government agencies responsible for sustainable development as well as media and press training institutions to guide the responsible future journalists to exploit and use the press and media in supporting and promoting sustainable development in developing nations.


Literature Review 2.1 Dimensions of Communication for Development
As indicated by Rogers (1976a, b) and UNICEF (1999), effective development communication relies on the synergistic use of three strategic components. These components are advocacy, social mobilization and behavioral change (or behavior development) communication. Several definitions are used in the C4D field to describe these three basic components of communication.
Advocacy: Advocacy is communication targeted at leadership and the powers that be to take actions to support program objectives (UNICEF, 2017). 'Leadership' includes political, business and social leaders at national and local levels.
The advocacy component according to UNICEF (2016a, b) informs and motivates appropriate leaders to create a supportive environment for the program by taking actions such as: changing policies, allocating resources, speaking out on critical issues and initiating public discussion. Participation is relevant in this context as the voice of the community helps direct advocacy objectives and activities. Mefalopolus (2005) defined advocacy as mainly applied to promote a specific issue or agenda, generally at a national level which is often directed at changing policies or supporting policy-making changes, either addressing policy makers directly or winning the support of the public opinion. The first task of advocacy as stressed by UNICEF (1999) is often to raise awareness in general, yet its ultimate objective is to spark action either from decision-makers or their constituents. The aim is to gain commitment and active support for a development objective and prepare society for its acceptance over the longterm (Giang, 2017).
The primary aim of advocacy, indicated by Servaes (2000), is fostering public policies that support the solution of an issue or problem. It involves organized attempts to influence the political climate, policy and program decisions, public perceptions of social norms, funding decisions and community support and empowerment towards specific issues. Again, Servaes (2008) viewed advocacy at the policy level, as that which is used to assure the high level of public commitment necessary to undertake action by fostering a knowledgeable and supportive environment for decision making, as well as the allocation of adequate resources to attain the campaign's goals and objectives.
Social Mobilization: Social mobilization as defined by UNICEF (2017) is a process of harnessing selected partners to raise demand for or sustain progress toward a development objective. Social mobilization solicits the participation of institutions, community networks and social and religious groups to use their membership and other resources to strengthen participation in activities at the local level (UNICEF, 2016a, b). Consultation with the community is needed here to ascertain which institutions; social, political and religious groups will have the most influence on the primary participants.
The Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA) (2000) opined that social mobilization involves planned actions and processes to reach, influence, and involve all relevant segments of society across all sectors from the national to the community level, in order to create an enabling environment and effect positive behavior and social change. According to McKee (1992) social mobilization differs from social marketing because it aims to muster national and local support for a general goal or program through a more open and uncontrolled process with the idea of using as many channels as possible at an accelerated rate.
Behavior-Change Communication (BCC): Behavior change communication involves face-to-face dialogue with individuals or groups to inform, motivate, problem-solve or plan, with the objective to promote behavior change (UNICEF, 2017). According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), BBC is an interactive process for developing messages and approaches using a mix of communication channels in order to encourage and sustain positive and appropriate behaviours. ILO (2008) argued that BCC has evolved from information, education and communication (IEC) program to promote more tailored messages, greater dialogue and increased ownership together with a focus on aiming for and achieving health-enhancing results (Giang, 2017;Oyeshola, 2008).
The Family Health International Web site (www.fhi.org) stated that communication for behavior change aims to foster positive behavior; promote and sustain individual, community and societal behavior change; and maintain appropriate behavior. Its underlying assumption is that individual attitudes and behaviors can be changed voluntarily through communication and persuasion techniques and the related use of effective messages. BCC shifts the emphasis from making people aware to bringing about new attitudes and practice; it tries to understand people's situations and influences, develops messages that respond to these concerns and uses communication processes and media to persuade people to increase their knowledge and change risky behavior (Nghi, 2010;Hao, 2001;UNICEF, 1999).

The Development Communication Theory
This study focused on Development Communication Theory (also referred to as Communication for Development (C4D) and will be used interchangeably in this study). The underlying principle of development communication as argued by (Mefalopulos, 2003) was that there can be no development without communication. This theory has been developed in many perspectives and scholars and practitioners differ in the wording they use to define it, but New Media and Mass Communication www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online) Vol.89, 2020 4 their intent is constant. It is the role of C4D in empowerment processes that helps distinguish it from other forms of communication. The term 'development communication' was coined in 1972 by Nora C. Quebral, an academic and a pioneering figure in the discipline of C4D in Asia. She is often referred to as the 'Mother of Development Communication' and gave birth not only to an academic discipline but to a new crop of scholars in the field as well; notable among them include Felix Librero, Antonio Moran and Alexander Flor (Barnes, 2010;Nghi, 2010). Cited in Deane (2004), Quebral (1972 defined the field as the art and science of human communication linked to a society's planned transformation from a state of poverty to one dynamic socio-economic growth that makes for greater equality and the larger unfolding of individual potential (Deane, 2004). The World Bank defined development communication as the "integration of strategic communication in development projects" based on a clear understanding of indigenous realities (Okoro, 2013, p.61). Mefalopulos (2003) stressed that development program cannot bring about long-term change without emphasizing sustainability and without an ongoing culturally and socially relevant communication dialogue among development providers and the recipients.

Sustainability of Development Communication
Around the world, researchers have come up with several concepts and definitions describing development, but a unified and complete definition of development is still a question. Initially, economists defined development as 'economic growth', but its connotations were beyond this range, and were further upgraded. For Vietnam, the term development needs to be understood at different levels. First, it should be understood that the basic needs of the people are met. While society is still poor and hungry, the first task of development is to provide them with food, health and education. In urban and industrial areas, development needs to be understood as protecting the environment and traditional values (Ndubuisi-Okolo & Anekwe, 2018).
In the process of development aimed at a better life, human needs always create big conflicts that are difficult to overcome. For example, people need firewood for heating but need forests to protect soil from erosion and prevent saline intrusion or businesses that always use cheap labor do not have a voice in common. workers always need to be paid to be able to live better. Therefore, the concept of 'sustainable development' is concerned to replace the face of economic growth. The concept of 'sustainable development' has appeared in the movement to protect the environment since the early years of the 1970s. During that time, many definitions of sustainable development were introduced as cited in Mensah and Casadevall (2019, pp.5-7) follows.
Sustainable development is a healthy socio-economic development, based on the rational use of resources and environmental protection. That development is aimed at meeting current needs but not adversely affecting future generations. Sustainable development is the socio-economic development with high and continuous growth rate in the long run based on the effective use of natural resources while protecting the ecological environment. It can be understood as an economic development to meet the increasing needs of the current society, but not depleting resources, leaving environmental consequences for future generations. Sustainable development is a development that meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. In 1980, the World Conservation Strategy, developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN-International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), identified the goals of sustainable development as achieving sustainable development by protecting biological resources. This means that at the time, the content of sustainable development was very narrow, only emphasizing the sustainability of ecological development, in order to call for the conservation of biological resources.
In 1987, in the report "Our Joint Future", the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) of the United Nations defined sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations." This definition is widely accepted by many organizations and countries around the world and is widely used in sustainable development publications. This is because it is highly generalized about the relationship between generations to satisfy the needs of material and spiritual life, thereby creating sustainable development. Clearly, the nature of sustainable development means that the sustainable survival of mankind on earth irrespective of nation, ethnicity and socio-economic level, where human existence is always attached with the existence of an economic, social and natural environment that people need to have (Binh, 2008;Bolt, 2008).
In 1988, the concept of Sustainable Development was introduced as a transformation model that maximizes the current economic and social benefits but does not harm the potential of similar interests in the future. The content of sustainable development was reaffirmed at the "Earth for Environment and Development" Summit held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 1992 and was supplemented and completed at the World Summit. on Sustainable Development held in Johannesburg (Republic of South Africa) in 2002 (Binh, 2008). Cited in và Jo Tacchi (2013) 5 resource conservation and quality improvement of environment. Sustainable development needs to meet the needs of the current generation without compromising our ability to meet the needs of future generations. (p.97) This definition deals more specifically with the binding relationship between current demand fulfillment and future demand-responsive ability. However, this definition does not address the nature of the relationships between the elements of sustainable development and does not cover specific groups of factors that the sustainable development process must meet) simultaneous. These are the group of factors that create economic growth, the group of factors that influence social change, including changes in both culture and the group of factors that impact on changing natural resources and environment. Thus, it can be understood that sustainable development is a mode of socio-economic development in order to well solve the relationship between economic growth, solving social issues and protecting the environment with its goals. better meet the needs of the current generation while not hindering the needs of future generations (Ndubuisi-Okolo & Anekwe, 2018;Okoro, 2013).
In developing countries such as Nigeria and Vietnam, the concept of sustainable development is known, carrying out theoretical research by scientists in the late 1980s to the early 1990s of the 20th Century. At Directive No. 36-CT/TW of June 25, 1998 on enhancing environmental protection in the period of industrialization and modernization of the country, the Politburo emphasizes, "Environmental protection is a basic content. Inseparable in the guidelines and socio-economic development plans of all levels and sectors. This is important basis to ensure sustainable development and successfully implement the cause of industrialization to modernize the country." Sustainable development is the process of operating simultaneously three aspects of development, namely sustainable economic growth, prosperous society, fairness, stability, diverse culture and a healthy environment as well as resources are maintained sustainably. Therefore, the complete system of ethical principles for sustainable development includes the principles of sustainable development in all three aspect (Giang, 2017;Ndubuisi-Okolo & Anekwe, 2018).
Firstly, people are the center of sustainable development. Meeting more and more fully the material and spiritual needs of all classes of people, building a prosperous and prosperous country, a just, democratic and civilized society is a consistent principle in every stage of development. development. Sustainable social development focuses on equity. Society always needs to create favorable conditions for the field of human development and strive to give everyone the opportunity to develop their potential and acceptable living conditions. Social sustainable development includes several key contents such as population stability, rural development to reduce migration pressure to urban areas, minimize adverse environmental impacts on urbanization, and improve education, eradicating illiteracy, protecting cultural diversity, gender equality, addressing gender needs and interests and increasing public participation in decision-making processes (Mckeown, 2002;Moemeka, 2012).
Secondly, economic development is the central task of the upcoming development stage, ensuring food security and energy for sustainable development, ensuring food hygiene and safety for the people. These should be able to live, reasonable and harmonious with social development; rational exploitation, economical and efficient use of natural resources within the permitted limits in terms of ecology and durable environmental protection. Gradually implementing the principle of all aspects: economy, society and environment are mutually beneficial (Mody, 2003;Wilkins, 2000).
Sustainable economic development requires the development of the economic system, creating common prosperity for all, not only focusing on bringing benefits to a few, within a limited limit of ecosystem as well as not infringing on basic human rights. The aspect of economic sustainable development includes some basic contents such as gradually reducing energy consumption through saving technology and lifestyle changes; changing consumption needs without harming biodiversity and the environment; equality in access to resources, living standards, health services and education; absolute poverty reduction; industrial ecology (recycling, reuse, reduce waste, recycle used energy) (McCombs & Shaw, 1972;và Jo Tacchi, 2013).
Third, protecting and improving the quality of the environment must be considered as an inseparable factor in the development process. It is necessary to actively and proactively prevent adverse impacts on the environment caused by human activities, as well as to build a uniform and effective legal system on environmental protection; proactively mount and enforce compulsory measures to integrate environmental protection requirements in the formulation of socio-economic development planning, programs, and projects, considering environmental protection requirements as an important criterion in evaluating sustainable development (Glewwe & và David Dollar, 2004).
The process of industrialization, modernization, agricultural development or tourism. Urbanization and new rural construction, etc. all have negative impacts and impacts on the natural environment. Environmental sustainability is a guarantee of cleanliness in the atmosphere, water, soil, geographic space, as well as landscape, and the quality of these factors is regularly assessed and tested against national or international standards. Sustainable development of the environment includes basic contents such as effective use of resources, especially non-renewable resources; development does not exceed the load-bearing threshold of the ecosystem; protecting biodiversity, protecting the ozone layer; control and reduce greenhouse gas emissions; strictly protect sensitive New Media and Mass Communication www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online) Vol.89, 2020 ecosystems; reduce emissions, overcome pollution (water, gas, soil, food), improve and restore the environment of polluted areas (Rogers, 1976a, b;Siebert, Peterson & Schramm, 1956).
Fourth, the development process must ensure to equally meet the needs of the current generation and not interfere with the lives of future generations. We need to create conditions for all and every community in society to have equal opportunities for development, to have access to common resources and to be equitably distributed in the public interests and finally to create, good quality material foundations, knowledge and culture for generations to come (Moemeka, 2012).
Fifth, science and technology are the foundation and driving force for industrialization and modernization, promoting fast, strong and sustainable development of the country. Modern, clean and environment-friendly technologies should be given priority to be widely used in manufacturing industries. In the immediate future, it should be promoted to use in industries and production domains with strong propagation effect, and to enhance the development of many other industries and manufacturing sectors (Okoro, 2013).
Sixth, an independent and autonomous economy with proactive international economic integration can develop the country sustainably. Bilateral and multilateral relations should be developed, international and regional commitments should be realized; scientific and technological advances, should selectively be acquired, and international cooperation for sustainable development should be intensified. We focus on promoting advantages, improving quality, efficiency and competitiveness. Also, we proactively prevent negative impacts on the environment caused by globalization and international economic integration (Moemeka, 2012;Okoro, 2013).

Content and Model of Communication for Development 2.4.1 Content
Basically, media development is a combination of: Communication to spread knowledge / spread new things. The theory of diffusion of knowledge/propagation of new knowledge is developed based on the hypotheses that the lack of new ideas will lead to underdevelopment. Therefore, communication is used as a tool to persuade groups. target public (through mass and non-mass media, such as opinion leaders, etc.). However, the media developed critically on the theory of knowledge dissemination in a one-sided, imposing and not considering local, cultural factors (Bolt, 2008;Rogers, 1976b).
Participatory communication was born as a result of criticizing the one-way communication process of the theory of knowledge dissemination. Participatory theory has a bottom-up approach, with particular emphasis on the local cultural identity as well as democracy and participation at all levels. Participatory theory considers people to be owners or participants for development. Participatory theory focuses more on the local community than on the nation, on the most popular theory rather than nationalism (Binh, 2008;Van Dung, 2006). Thus, media for development (or development communication) is a type of communication in which all participants are free to talk and have access to communication channels, to participate in the promotion process receives information about new knowledge of each subject (Moemek, 2012). Therefore, the basic content of development communication the following three important points.
First, media development, which is the communication associated with social change towards progress. Communication was born and developed with the development of human society, affecting and involving all social individuals. This plays a role in replicating development changes. Social change communication is a knowledgesharing process that aims to reach consensus in action that addresses the concerns, needs and capacities of all stakeholders (Okoro, 2013). Second, the media for social development is recognized as one of the most powerful development organizations in the world according to the World Bank (WB) cited in Ndubuisi-Okolo and Anekwe

The Influence of the Media and Press on Sustainable Development
The current communication change poses to the developing media and press several issues three most important of which are as follows.
Firstly, there is a strong influx of traditional press to stay and nest in social media. The first decade of the 21st Century saw a decline in the public, the market of print and media in general in the United States and Europe, and the second decade saw the situation in Europe. In Asia, however, the process is slow in Japan and India. Of course, the decline of the press public in some countries is not only due to social media but also to the traditional opinion and method of journalism. Secondly, the principle of any public journalism poses great challenges for the developing press, because the change of the press is not enough to adapt to the changes from the public leading to the press. The growing lies are losing the public and the market. Thirdly, the development of communication technology is disturbing the lives of residents and posing challenges to the press on economic aspectsaffordability, culture -consumption habits, communication management and the ability to select information that is useful for development.
In fact, one of the factors contributing to the success of the sustainable development is communication. In fact, regardless of any development project, whether it is in the agricultural economy, clean water, infrastructure or health, it requires participation and dialogue between the parties involved. In other words, all development activities need to use communication as a tool, a method to achieve the goals that these activities set out. Communication provides information for the development process (Giang, 2017;Moemeka, 2012;Okoro, 2013;Rogers, 1976a, b;Siebert et al., 1956).
With their characteristics, strength and influence, the media and press system are clearly showing the important role of media for development. Each type of journalism is different due to the specific type of regulation that has different strengths in the development of communication. In the correlation between types, electronic newspaper has many advantages and clearly affirms its important role of information in general and information on sustainable development in particular. Many scholars and experts in the field of development communication agree that developed communication is a form of communication that requires a special approach called participatory method. From here, another approach focused on human involvement began to emerge, called the model of participation. Participation is the core element that helps shape this new model. According to Mefalopulos (2008Mefalopulos ( , 2003, when this model emerged, the focus of development was shifted from economic growth to including social aspects. Also, as Mefaloplos (2008) noted, meaningful participation cannot occur without communication. That means people are engaged and actively involved in the communication process. Development media consider people's participation an essential factor. Therefore, it can promote the process of people cooperation and collective action (Glewwe & và David Dollar, 2004;Mckeown, 2002).
The modern press clearly affirms the advantage of creating the most powerful interaction with readers, allowing maximum promotion of the public's ability to participate in the communication process. Thanks to this interoperability, the media process of the press is no longer a one-way communication but has created a very effective multi-dimensional communication. The public of the modern press is no longer merely recipient of the information; they can more easily provide it.
The ultimate goal of sustainable development is to reach the people. The human element is at the center of all social activities. It is the people who understand what they need, and it is they who act to change their lives. With high interoperability, it is clear that electronic newspapers are one of the channels that help people directly to speak their voices, speak up the real situation of their lives and help the authorities to understand. There are more appropriate and effective policies. This interaction that creates the bond between the people and the government. This connection is an important factor contributing to the success of development programs (Mefaloplos (2008;Mckeown, 2002).
Information in electronic newspaper is very topical. Almost instantly, people have access to the earliest news from the farthest distances. All information from the collection until the release is acquired in a much shorter time than in other types of newspapers. It is this ability that makes information in online newspapers updated every hour, even every minute. Online newspapers can help the public to receive information at any time with just one click. The internet connection connects citizens from one country to another quickly, closely, creating a global social network that helps people to exchange and learn the beauty of other cultures in the world. Moreover, in modern society, people must receive a huge amount of information every day. With Internet technology, users now become the center, proactively selecting information that suits their needs and capabilities at any time in the online newspaper. With just the hyperlinks, the public of the online newspaper can easily find the information they need in an endless sea of information all over the world (Bolt, 2008;Giang, 2017;Ndubuisi-Okolo & Anekwe, 2018;Nguyet, 2008).
The issue of sustainable development requires conducting in all fields such as economy, culture, science, technology. It is also necessary to assert that it is not only the online newspaper to participate in broadcasting information. Sustainable development that other types of journalism has achieved much success in informing about this issue (Barnes, 2010;Nghi, 2010).

Conclusion
This paper concludes that positive socio-economic change and sustainable development can be achieved when advocacy, behavior-change communication and social mobilization techniques of C4D are effectively utilized. This change comes about with implementers adopting the behavior-change communication. The media and press need to sensitize the government and people on the need to accept sustainability policy, behavior and practices such as environmental management, abandonment of old practices like denying child to be vaccinated, etc. The paper also highlights that communication does not solely bring about the change but aid other factors to achieve the social, economic, political and cultural changes in society. The changes include the wider acceptance of sustainable behavior, e.g., acceptance of routine immunization through promotion and behavior-change communication using the various C4D techniques and communication media as well as reforestation and all-yearround farming.
Several hypothetical propositions were derived from the critical review of literature for future research to explore and to serve as a guide for the government toward policy formulation. The propositions are as follows.
 P1: The unique media characteristics of communication for development and advocacy journalism could positively influence the government and people to accept the sustainable development communication messages.  P2a: The government and people's acceptance of sustainable development communication messages could positively influence the media and press' attitude toward sustainability communication and journalism.  P2b: Development media and advocacy journalism's attitude toward sustainable development communication could increase the government and people's intention to adopt sustainability behavior.  P3a: If the government and people accept sustainable development communication messages, it could positively influence their self-efficacy belief for sustainability.  P3b: Positive self-efficacy belief in sustainable development increases the media and press' intention to adopt sustainable communication and journalism.  P4a: If the government and people accept sustainable development communications messages disseminated by the development media and press, it could positively influence their social norms in favor of sustainability behavior.  P4b: Positive social norms towards sustainability increase development media and press' intention to adopt sustainable development communication. Finally, media and journalists participating in the development communication cycle need to exploit and make full use of the strength, power and influence of the media message and journalism. They need to increase the use of photos, tables, diagrams, charts -trends of modern media in order to make effective impacts, especially in this internet age. The issue of sustainable development in the world in general and the development countries' media in particular (e.g., Nigeria and Vietnam) is still relatively a new and interesting area of research. This paper New Media and Mass Communication www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online) Vol.89, 2020 is an initial effort in research to promote the strengths of the press concerning information on sustainable development.