The Implementation of Disaster Resilient Village Program (Study in Tinjomoyo Village, Semarang City)

The government has responsibility in disaster management and the community become spearhead in the implementation. The community based disaster management policies were made in Disaster Resilient Village program since 2017 in Tinjomoyo Village, Semarang City. This research purpose was to analyze the implementation and effectiveness of a disaster resilient village program in Tinjomoyo Village and analyzing the affecting factors. This research used descriptive qualitative research methods. This study results indicated that based several aspects of program achievements in disaster resilient village related to Head Rule of National Agency for Disaster Management on General Guidelines of Disaster Resilient Village, the Tinjomoyo Village score was 33 and categorized as First Disaster Resilient Village, with the objective goals of 55%. The community preparedness based on program objectives was 58%. This means that the program can achieve some of stated objectives. The interviews results showed that Decree of Village Head on Disaster Resilient Village was an alternative strategy with top priority to support the Disaster Resilient Village program. The conclusion was the implementation of disaster resilient village program in Tinjomoyo Village is not optimal because there is no legality to establish a Resilient Village Program and alternative strategies priority to support the Resilient Village Disaster program in Tinjomoyo Village is issuing a Decree of Village Head related to establishment of Disaster Resilient Village.


INTRODUCTION
Disaster is real non-military threats. It can disrupt national security stability. Disasters come from domestic and abroad. Disaster has the potential to cause chaos, even devastate an area if the community does not have the capacity to deal with disaster. Therefore the role of government, community and entrepreneurs is also very necessary in Disaster Management. Quick and appropriate handling can reduce and even eliminate risks, losses or victims. It will support the stability of national security. Every person has the right to get social protection and a sense of security, especially for disaster prone community groups. Every community is obliged to maintain a harmonious social life, maintain balance, harmony and preservation of environmental functions. Law number 24 year 2007 article 4 on Disaster Management explains government, community, and private institutions have obligation and responsibility to work together in disaster preparedness. The Law of Republic of Indonesia Number 24 of 2007 on Disaster Management stated that the change from management paradigm towards the mitigation paradigm, and the development paradigm, community empowerment must be improved to better know about the disasters and characteristics of each region from disaster threat. Data from Regional Disaster Management Agency in Tinjomoyo Village shows a landslide in 2015 at RW IV with a total of 5 RTs and a population of 915 people. A landslide at RT.02 / 04 due to river collapse during heavy rain. There were 4 landslide locations in 2016 at RW V with 7 RTs with total 1,729 inhabitants. Landslides at RT 04, RT 05 due to large trees fallen in Gombel Lama. The Tinjomoyo Village has slope of 25% and 37.78%, a hilly area with a 15-40% slope conditions (0-2 %). Landslide conditions at RW V are caused by human activities to cut trees. This is indeed used as one of logging area. Data of Regional Disaster Management Agency in Semarang City 2018 shows that characteristics of landslide location have similarities with villages in Banyumanik Subdistrict, especially Tinjomoyo Village. Regional Disaster Management Agency release data for Semarang City to shows the rainfall in Banyumanik District is also relatively high with an average of 2500-3000 mm / year.
In addition to physical conditions, human-related factors in land usage also affect the level of landslide vulnerability. The Community-based disaster risk management put the community as an important actor in the main strategy of disaster risk management initiatives to build disaster resilience. It is implemented through the smallest government units to target directly the community in the village. The policy implementation of Disaster Resilient Village program refers Head Rule of National Agency for Disaster Management. The community should participate actively in implementation of disaster management, including the pre-disaster stage, during disasters and post disasters, based on PP no. 21 of 2008 on the implementation of disaster management. Government Regulation No. 21 year 2008 concerning Implementation of Disaster Management stated that the implementation is done through efforts to increase public awareness and capacity in pre-disaster, emergency response and post-disaster stages. Communities readiness and alertness to disasters can reduce, prevent and even eliminating the disasters risk. Based on background of problems with disasters phenomenon at global, national and regional levels, as well as the implementation of community-based disaster risk reduction through the Disaster Resilient Village Disaster Resilient Village program in Tinjomoyo village, Semarang, this research focus on the implementation of a Disaster Resilient Village to improve community preparedness of Tinjomoyo Village, Semarang City, with sub-focus of research in question on How the implementation of Disaster Resilient Village program in Tinjomoyo village and the effectiveness of the village program.

RESEARCH METHODS
This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods to produces descriptive data in form of written or oral words from people involved in the program. Qualitative research put the researchers as the key instrument. The data collection techniques are done by merging and inductive data analysis (Sugiyono, 2014) The research instrument was a questionnaire containing structured questions that would be answered by informants. The attached instrument is used explore the program implementation and the level of community preparedness. The instruments used are below. a) Assessment Instrument of Disaster Resilient Village from Head Rule of National Agency for Disaster Management. b) The Instrument for Community Preparedness from LIPI-UNESCO / ISDR which has been modified by researchers The data validity in qualitative research methods uses internal validity (credibility) on truth value aspect. The application relates with external validity (transferability), and reliability (dependability) on aspect of consistency, and objectivity (confirmability) on naturalist aspect (Sugiyono, 2014). The validity level of qualitative research is more emphasized on obtained data. This research data shows a significant influence for the success of a study.
Valid data can be obtained by conducting a credibility test (internal validity) in accordance with data credibility test procedure in qualitative research. The types of credibility testing in according to Sugiyono (2014) include the extension of observations, increased perseverance in research, triangulation, discussion with colleagues, negative case analysis, and member checking. Data analysis techniques uses three steps: Data Condensation, Data Display, and Conclusion / Verifications.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tinjomoyo Village is located in urban area of Semarang City. The geographic location is Java Sea in north. The topographical conditions is made up of hills, plains and coastal areas, showing the various slope and protrusions. It makes the Semarang area has natural disasters potential. The disaster report at official website of National Agency for Disaster Management shows 192 tornadoes for 1990 -2018 (DIBI, 2019). Table 1 shows the disaster events based on Regional Disaster Management Agency in Semarang City data for 2018.  Table 1 shows that the disasters frequency in Semarang City is still quite high. The highest incidents are 82 landslides. It shows Semarang City has high number of disasters and disaster-prone areas. The observations results at Tinjomoyo Village shows following results.
a. Physical Vulnerability. The natural hills conditions are converted as residential areas. The slums conditions and Jatingaleh market are also vulnerable to fire threats. b. Social vulnerability. Low awareness in education affects the level of their knowledge. The 16.5% of population did not graduate from elementary school. The Tinjomoyo village is located at route to Jatidiri stadium, it can also be a social threat of football supporters brawl. c. Economic Vulnerability. The unproductive population of 27% can cause social problems in Tinjomoyo Village. d. Environmental Vulnerability. Some residents have low awareness to built settlements in disaster prone areas, such as in hillside areas and water catchments areas. Knowledge and understanding of citizens regarding disaster is not comprehensive. The several aspects of program achievement level on Disaster Resilient Village indicators in the questionnaire are based on Head Rule of National Agency for Disaster Management on General Guidelines of Disaster Resilient Village. The 60 question questionnaire was given to Head of Disaster Risk Reduction Forum and Lurah Tinjomoyo. The "Yes" answers are 33 and "No" answers are 27 items. The score Tinjomoyo Village is 33 included and within category of First Disaster Resilient Village.
The assessment shows several initial efforts in every aspect of Disaster Resilient Village, starting from existence of a village volunteer team in Disaster Risk Management forum with the member of community representatives, a disaster management planning document that will be used as an SOP, and most importantly a systematic effort to increase capacity disaster preparedness and response. These results means the program can achieve some of its objectives and can be continued with improvements based on evaluation done (Tyler, 2011). Interview results shows that an alternative strategy priority to support the Disaster Resilient Village program in Tinjomoyo Village was to fast issuance of a Village Head Decree on the establishment of Disaster Resilient Village. It becomes a protective legal umbrella for all Disaster Resilient Village activities. Based on Head Rule of National Agency for Disaster Management, Disaster Resilient Village decree also encourages the integration of disaster management plans into village development plans. This also encourages funding allocation from the village and private sector if the Disaster Resilient Village program is included in village development plan and protected by a Regulation umbrella from Village Head of Tinjomoyo Village.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The conclusions of this study explain the implementation of disaster resilient village program and effectiveness of disaster resilient village program in Tinjomoyo Village. The implementation effectiveness of disaster resilient village program in Tinjomoyo Village achieves part of the objectives in Disaster Resilient Village indicator value in Tinjomoyo Village, obtaining a score of 33 with a success rate of 55%. It falls into First Disaster Resilient Village category. It relates to no decree related to Disaster Resilient Village program in Tinjomoyo Village, but there have been initial efforts to formulate Disaster Risk Management policy and most important thing is a systematic effort to increase the capacity of community in facing disaster threats The effectiveness of Tinjomoyo Village Resilient Village Resilient Village Program can be seen from results of interviews with 20 resource informants at 58% average value of community preparedness. The Disaster Resilient Village program effectiveness is affected by internal and external factors. The interviews results show that alternative strategy priority to support the Disaster Resilient Village program in Tinjomoyo is to make Village Head Decree regarding the establishment of Disaster Resilient Village. This decree becomes protective legal umbrella for all Disaster Resilient Village activities. In accordance with Head Rule of National Agency for Disaster Management, Disaster Resilient Village decree also encourages the integration of disaster management plans into village development plans. What the Disaster Resilient Village that has been the implementation Tinjomoyo Village? YK: The Disaster Resilient Village program is a series of activities from workshops to better recognize their own environment, develop risk studies, prepare disaster risk reduction action plans, socialization, deliberation, field verification visits, disaster mitigation development, and training to improve technical skills certain. At beginning of program period, it is important to know the profile and initial conditions of target community. It can become a reference in process to facilitate and implementing the KATANA program. The implementation of 2017 Katana program has become government's program in disaster management. It is a form of sustainability of Disaster Prepared Village in Tinjomoyo Village. However, relatively short time is not enough to describe the success of Disaster Resilient Village. There are still many things that must be done by community, government, private sector, and related elements to continue to oversee and improving the Disaster Resilient Village in Tinjomoyo Village which formed in 2017. Q : What are the barrier factors of Disaster Resilient Village implementation in Tinjomoyo Village? YK: The barrier factors are low interest of society and younger generation in disaster risk reduction efforts.
The socialization invitation to all member of youth groups only attract a small number and lack of budget allocation from village, specifically for Disaster Resilient Village program. Q : What are the supporting factors of Disaster Resilient Village implementation in Tinjomoyo Village? YK : The involvement of related parties is very important. Their involvement in planning, implementation and monitoring of rebuilding process was better, including local governments, local communities, experts and academics, media, and private sector in Disaster Resilient Village program become factors of program's success. Planning for involved parties are made together with all stakeholders who play a role in efforts to improve community preparedness. In addition, an increase in commitment in form of additional aid funds, addition of trained personnel, improvement of facilities and infrastructure for mitigation, as well as research and studies aimed at reducing the impact of disasters are also needed. The involvement of private sector is limited to formation of Disaster Risk Reduction Forum, which involves UNIKA and Gajah Mada Radio, but there is no involvement in structural and non-structural mitigation activities such as socialization, technical training, and simulation. Supporting factors for implementation of Disaster Resilient Village program in Tinjomoyo Village are cooperation from all parties, from Regional Disaster Management Agency, Community Organizations, including Unika and Gajah Mada Radio FM when taking part in formation of a Forum on disaster risk reduction, in addition to location of Tinjomoyo Village those in urban areas and who have strategic access make it easy to reach by parties from outside the village, both from private and related agencies, to contribute in Disaster Resilient Village program, such as during a landslide in Tinjomoyo in 2015, assistance from Regional Disaster Management Agency and private sector such as Gajah Mada Radio FM, Unika , Unnes, and Undip were quickly channelled because Tinjomoyo Urban Village was very easy to reach. Q : What are the inhibiting factors for the implementation of Disaster Resilient Village program in Tinjomoyo Village?

DM : The inhibiting factors for the implementation of Disaster Resilient Village program in Tinjomoyo
Village is the absence of a decree on Disaster Resilient Village from Semarang City government to Tinjomoyo Village government. There is no legality as a basis for implementation of a disaster resilient village program in Tinjomoyo Village. It also causes the lack of funding, especially from private sector that goes in to work together in disaster resilient village activities. The low assistance time from Regional Disaster Management Agency in Semarang City to Disaster Risk Reduction Forum, Disaster Management Plan and community, it would affect the quality of people or stakeholders in Tinjomoyo Village. During this time the Regional Disaster Management Agency is still lacking in monitoring and evaluation, it also become inhibiting factors for the implementation of Disaster Resilient Village program in Tinjomoyo Village. Q : Why the decree on Disaster Resilient Village program has not been issued? DM : There is still confusion about who issued the decree, whether from village, sub-district or city government. What is the function of Disaster Risk Reduction Forum in Tinjomoyo Village? SP: The forum is facilitated by Regional Disaster Management Agency facilitators to implement and creating working groups related to Disaster Resilient Village programs which will later create disaster risk mapping and disaster management plans. Q : What is the planning for disaster risk reduction in Tinjomoyo Village? SP: These plans contain "who has what". It is community commitment in efforts before and when a disaster. There is a decree and it is approved by Tinjomoyo Head. Q : Is there an funds allocation from village for Disaster Resilient Village program? SP: All activities are still funded by Semarang City Regional Disaster Management Agency, but there is a non-governmental fund called the pre-disaster savings village granary. The funds are actually prepared for emergency response activities but in practice it can still be used for forum meetings or capacity building activities for volunteers and Public. Q : What are the programs that have been run by Disaster Risk Reduction Forum and Volunteer Forum? SP: From the 2017 formation of Disaster Resilient Village program, Tinjomoyo Village has done 2 socialization sessions on formation of disaster resilient villages. The results of socialization provided debriefing and knowledge to Disaster Risk Reduction Forum members regarding disaster resilient villages. There was one landslide simulation on 26 April 2018 as well as commemorating national preparedness day, elderly gymnastics, capacity building for volunteers and women / vulnerable groups, and community service activities in RW 4 for construction of flood retarding flood places in 2019. Q : Has there been cooperation with other parties for disaster risk reduction activities in Tinjomoyo Village? SP: Yes, the formation of Disaster Risk Reduction Forum involved private parties such as Radio Gajah Mada and Unika but it has not continued for further activities such as simulations, strengthening volunteers, etc. It will be possible to continue to establish partnerships with private sector because the private sector is very important in disaster management. For example, emergency aid comes from private sector. Therefore, their contribution should not only during the emergency response but also in effort to reduce the risk of disasters before a disaster occurs. Q : Is there an early warning system in Tinjomoyo Village SP: Not yet, the information delivery still uses the traditional system that is the gong and mosque speakers. Q : Is there an evacuation route in Tinjomoyo village? SP: Yes it is, it seems that an evacuation guide board has not been installed, being socialized in community forums. Q : What factors to support and hinder the implementation of Disaster Resilient Village program ? SP: The supporting factor is the compactness of community members who work together in a meeting, outreach and simulation event. But younger generation participation is not maximal in the activities because there are still many who go to school and are busy with their respective activities. The support from UNIKA and Gajah Mada Fm was also helpful and was a good start when the formation of Disaster Risk Reduction Forum and of course in future there would be continued cooperation from such private parties. The inhibiting factors include the absence of legal decree regarding the establishment of Resilient Village so that it affects other aspects, especially the low funding from both the government and private sector.

Interpretation
Legislation. Tinjomoyo Urban Village has a policy orientation towards disaster risk mitigation in their area with establishment of Disaster Risk Reduction Forum and Disaster Management Plan. Indeed, Disaster Resilient