Content Analysis of Microstructure of Oxford English Sindhi-Dictionary 2010

Bilingual go one i.e. to Another Abstract : The aim of this research was to critically analyze the microstructure of the oxford English Sindhi dictionary (2010). In order to achieve the aim of the study, an objective was set to find out the way information was presented in the microstructure of OESD (2010) which was the sample of the study. Afterwards, the study was designed qualitatively as per the nature of the study and it was decided after going through a huge corpora related to critical dictionary analysis. The dictionary was analyzed through content analysis. This required a sample to be selected and taken from every twentieth page of the dictionary. The results of the study were discussed descriptively. The results of the study showed that there was a lot of information present in the microstructure of the dictionary. This information was related to meaning, labels including word class, symbols, abbreviations etc. It also included pronunciation of words. First of all was present at lexical and in the of in acronyms were also present in the microstructure but these were not differentiated from each other. Most importantly, certain phonemes were presented in a wrong way. That is to say the symbols which were given for the sounds did not represent the actual sounds of the given words. This was found to be one of the mistakes which might have taught the learners wrong pronunciation of the words.

with only two choices to understand the meaning of text they are dealing with, by using dictionaries or going through context. The efficient readers prefer the use of dictionaries despite of going through the context. "It is estimated that vocabulary learning from context is only possible and reliable when the student understands between 95% and 98% of the text" (Laufer 2005).
Dictionary is considered a well set and well-arranged list of lexemes that the speakers of a language use in their context of interaction. It helps a learner practically and according to Dash.N.S (2005) language learners consult it to gain information related to a lexeme. This information includes meaning, origin, usage and pronunciation of that particular word.
Additionally, Zgusta (1971) provides that a dictionary is a systemized list of lexemes. It is arranged based on the social uses of those lexical items in a particular context of their use. These lexical items are mainly compiled by lexicographers from the way these are used by speech communities.
These are arranged separately so that the learner may come to know about them easily through a dictionary.

Structure of Dictionary
The structure mainly shows the components of a dictionary. It also represents the way a dictionary is designed: it shows its whole structure. Three terms are usually used to describe the structure of a dictionary as per Meta lexicography. These terms are: Mega-structure, Macro-structure and Micro-structure.

Synchronic & Diachronic development of English Sindhi Dictionaries
Historical and synchronic are defined by Pearsall.j (2015). Synchronic study of a dictionary is defined as the study which is done at a particular time. Contrastingly, the diachronic dictionary approach is related to the study of language throughout time.  Shah(1972), Ali Dino Shah.
After the independence, the first two are held among the pioneers of the English-Sindhi Bilingual lexicography. Furthermore, online and paper dictionaries are compiled and published by Sindhica Academy, Oxford university press Karachi and Sindhi Language Authority Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan.

Research Question
The current study will be followed by these two important questions.
1. How the information contained in microstructure is presented in OESD (2010)? Shahni has used the diacritic marks to help the learners to master pronunciation. According to them such usage of the diacritic marks has made it effective in learning English pronunciation.

.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Moreover, other five dictionaries are full of blunders and do not provide accurate pronunciation.
Oxford English-Sindhi dictionary use software to read the IPA pronunciation in which translation is converted automatically in pronunciation. It may be software problem which commits mistakes in pronunciation. Furthermore researcher has concluded that there isn't any English to Sindhi dictionary which provides authentic pronunciation.

METHODOLOGY
This study is mainly qualitative in nature. In critical dictionary research the researcher had employed content analysis to accomplish the set goals. It was because, according to Cohen, Manion,;& Morrison, (2009), Scott (2006 and Julien (2008) content analysis as a method of qualitative research is mainly used for textual investigation.
In Content analysis a text is closely and critically analyzed by examining what it contains. Julien (2008) provides that different instances may be provided by the identified categories of the data.
Through this analysis one can ensure whether certain elements are present in the provided document. After the classification of the categories, the researcher made an attempt to ensure whether the data is categorically comprehensive and well defined (Julien, 2008). The researcher through this analysis tried to confirm the covered components in the microstructure of the selected dictionary. Furthermore, the researcher confirmed how the pronunciation is presented through IPA. Additionally, the meaning equivalents were also checked, by checking the way it was presented in the dictionary..

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
The data presented in this section is taken from the oxford English Sindhi dictionary 2010. This section provides a clear picture of the data related to the findings. In short, it provides the reader with the knowledge related to the way dictionary was analyzed and the findings which emerged after its analysis. It also includes in it discussions which shall clarify the terms, figures and tables which are given in certain sections.
This research is related to the way entries are presented in the dictionary. The researcher analyzed the way the identified information is presented in the dictionary. The analysis related to these entries has been discussed in this section. Moreover, there is a separate heading related to the representation of pronunciation of head words. The pronunciation, which has been done in IPA, of English words has been compared with its equivalent which is in OALD 9 th ed. the analysis has been given in this following sub-sections.

Meaning
Presenting meaning in a bilingual dictionary is most important part of the dictionary making. A complier has to deal with two different languages. There are two types of meaning presentation in bilingual dictionary by providing lexical equivalent and other is giving definitions (shah 2012).
The dictionary under the study presents both lexical/ one word equivalent and definitions.
Additionally, connotations and polysemous meanings are also provided in dictionary. Some examples which the researcher found during analysis are given below: a Lexical equivalent such representation of words is that the meaning of such words which have more than one meaning, has been represented in paraphrased version. Furthermore, register based jargon meanings are also provided in entry see Radical on page no. 1430. The connotations are presented mostly in Sindhi part of the dictionary, rarely in English, throughout the dictionary.

Labeling
As far as labeling in this dictionary is concerned, the entries in this connection have been labeled with the part of speech to which the entries belongs. Another type of labeling is related to the usage of the word in its different linguistic contexts. Cross-references related to the entry are also given.
In addition, etymology of that entry is also given as a label. Finally the word contains certain notes which help the learner to know the use of that lexical item.

Morphological representation
In the dictionary the inflectional and derivational morphemes of a head word are also given in the The usage of the words in the dictionary is given in brackets which are given below the meaning of an entry. It follows examples related to the usage of that head-word. Moreover, in the usage section, it had also been discussed whether the word is being used transitively or intransitively. It also includes the structural formation of a sentence in which the head word is used eg. ‫وغيره‬ ‫اڳ‬ ‫کان‬ in, out: Bounced into the room: ‫پيو‬ ‫گھڙي‬ ‫۾‬ ‫ڪمري‬ ‫سان‬ ‫تيزيَء‬ , ‫اڳ‬ ‫کان‬ Into + verbal noun: Bounced him into signing: ‫وئي‬ ‫ورتي‬ ‫صحيح‬ ‫کان‬ ‫هن‬ ‫وجھي‬ ‫بار‬ ‫زور‬ . This structural formation also tells the learner about the neighboring structures, including its colloquial, which are used with the word, for example whether a word follows a 'that clause' or not. In addition, the varietal differences of the word, that is to say its usage, in its different varieties of English, is also given in the dictionary, for example Pinole P.1319 . ‫اميرڪ‬ ‫اسم‬ : As far the functional use of the entry is concerned, the dictionary also teaches a learner the way a word is used in different ways like informal, formal, slang etc. In simple words the dictionary provides information related to the use of a head word in different registers. For instance. P. 77 Appeal: in Law ‫اڪالَء‬ ‫جي‬ ‫ڪيس‬ ‫ڪنهن‬ ‫عدالت‬ ‫اعلئ‬ ‫الِء‬ ‫رجوع،‬ ‫ڏانهن‬ . In addition to the above points, the geographical location, on the basis of a word's usage, has also been given in the entries. It means like in what places the word is being used. Such usage refers to the linguistic map of the world.

Discussion
In addition to the above given labels, an additional point in an entry is of usage notes. This is different from the usage which has already been discussed above. These usage notes are given in parenthesis in an entry where-ever necessary. The usage notes provide the learner the information related to the use of a word in a particular context or domain. The usage notes are not similar to its definitions. The usage notes restrict the definition of a word to a certain domain. The domains of usage vary word to word, as it is quite clear that a word might belong to a standard variety or a non-standard variety of a language. Most importantly, the OESD has used their system of abbreviations; a very considerable defect is acronyms are also labeled as abbreviations e.g. UNICEF, NEPRA. Whereas, acronyms are the words that are formed with the initials of words that makeup name of something (OALD 9 th ed.)

Pronunciation
As discussed earlier the pronunciation in the dictionary was found to be having problems in it.
That can be defined in a way that the given phonemes do not represent the actual sounds of certain word. The extracted data related to such finding has been given below in the table.  Triphthong / ʌɪə/ is used instead of /aɪə/ like in 'Dire' and 'liar'

Discussion
During the analysis related to the presentation of pronunciation in the dictionary, the researcher found that the transcription of certain words was not given correctly. This transcription, as discussed in the preface section of 'Oxford English-Sindhi dictionary', has been done with the help of unnamed software. The developers have just mentioned that they had done the analysis with the help of computer programming, which could be the reason that the transcription of the words has not been represented accurately in the dictionary. There are clear mistakes in the symbolic representation of phonemes related to an entry. That is to say the actual pronunciation of the words was different whereas their transcription was presented inaccurately. This particular finding of mispronunciation was also found by Shah.ZA and Mashori .G (2015). Another finding in this connection was related to the presentation of English pronunciation in Sindhi orthography. It was found that the pronunciation of the words in Sindhi could not match the actual pronunciation of English words. That is to say, English and Sindhi versions of the pronunciation of a single entry did not match each other.

CONCLUSION
The findings of the research are related to oxford English Sindhi Dictionary OESD2010. The dictionary was analyzed through content analysis. The results of the data show that meaning was Similarly, symbols and abbreviations were also present in it but the problem was that all abbreviations as well as acronyms were not distinctively mentioned. There no clear boundary which could differentiate an acronym from an abbreviation.
Additionally, word classes were also mentioned in the dictionary. And, the dictionary is all well versed when it comes to the contexts of the usage of words. Finally, the pronunciation part was also found to be having errors which can also be called as misrepresentation of phonemes. In broader terms these phonemes were monophthongs, diphthongs and trip thongs.