Influence of Small-Scale Irrigation Systems on Livelihoods in Bura Scheme, Kenya

Abstract

Food security is a fundamental right in pursuit of the UN Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. However, attaining household food security and sustainable livelihoods in arid and semi-arid counties, among them being Tana River in Kenya is usually hampered by extended periods of drought and shifting climatic patterns. This situation not only jeopardizes household provision of sustenance but also the establishment of sustainable livelihoods. Consequently, addressing these multifaceted issues becomes imperative through adoption of small-scale irrigation farming for food production and livelihood provision. This research aimed at providing insights into how small-scale irrigation could help mitigate food insecurity in Arid and Semi-Arid areas of Kenya. The study aimed at assessing the effects of small-scale irrigation systems on livelihoods. The research was anchored on the sustainable livelihood approach and based on pragmatic research philosophy. The study utilized the cross-sectional survey research design and targeted 2,225 Bura scheme farmers. The sample sizes of 340 were selected using multistage, stratified, simple random and purposive sampling methods. Data collection methods comprised surveys and key informant interviews. Quantitative analysis involved descriptive statistics using frequency, percentages and means, and inferential statistics using Chi-Square, Pearson correlation through the aid of SPSS version 25. While qualitative data was thematically analyzed by using NVivo 12. The findings showed the adoption significantly improved food security and livelihoods, raising average seasonal income from Kshs15,300 to Kshs45,800, enhancing purchasing power (Mean=3.93), and improving food availability, consumption, and dietary diversity (Mean=3.89). Positive transformations extended to income levels, consumption patterns, and employment stability (Mean=3.81). The study found a strong positive connection between small-scale irrigation and improved food security and livelihoods, with a Pearson correlation of r =0.736 (p=0.000). The Chi-Square tests confirmed these links, small-scale irrigation significantly impacts food security and livelihoods (X²=393.238; p=0.000). Qualitative data analysis revealed positive impact of irrigation by increasing ability of farmers to afford basic needs, pay school fees, save income and also improving nutritional health among residents. The study concludes small-scale irrigation's in study area improves livelihoods and food security. The study highlights the transformative impact of small-scale irrigation in Bura, emphasizing strategies such as targeted adoption, knowledge empowerment, and community collaboration. It underscores the need for strengthening agricultural value chains, optimizing water management practices, and government support. Continuous monitoring and evaluation systems are recommended for assessing impact and guiding evidence-based interventions for sustained positive outcomes.

Keywords: Small-scale irrigation, Livelihoods, Bura Scheme, Food security, Sustainable livelihood approach& Kenya

DOI: 10.7176/JESD/15-2-06

Publication date: January 31^st 2024