Impact of Cost-Sharing Policy on Students Participation in, and Quality of University Education: The Case of University Students in Regular and Institution Based Programmes (IBP) in Kenya

Abstract

The thrust of the study reported in this paper was to examine the impact of cost-sharing policy on participation in, and quality of   education in public universities in   Kenya. The major contention of this study, informed by current literature and debate on higher education in Africa, is that the cost sharing policy which was propagated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank in the 1980s has adversely affected many aspects of education culminating in low enrolment at all levels, insufficient provision of learning resources and deterioration in education provision.  The study was premised on Systems theory.  A descriptive survey research design was adopted utilizing mixed methods of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. A combination of purposive and stratified random sampling was used to select 320 students from public universities comprising 192 from regular and 128 from institution based Programmes (IBP) distributed according to gender and   schools/faculties of study. The study used questionnaires and focus group discussion guidelines (FGDs) to collect data from the respondents. The quantitative data from questionnaires was analyzed with the aid of the stat9stical package for social sciences (SPSS) Computer programme version 20 to generate descriptive statistics that was presented in tables, percentages and charts. The qualitative data from fgds was analyzed thematically and presented in narrative and direct quotes. The major findings of the study were that the current funding sources from parents and Higher Education Loans Board (HELB) were grossly inadequate to meet the financial requirements of university students in the study locales. The least affected were found to be the IBP students since they supplemented the loans with their earnings and other resources. As a result, most of the regular students resorted to income generating activities, some of which not only anti-social, but time consuming, hence adversely affecting their concentration in their academic pursuits. To compensate for the precious  lost learning time , more than 80 %  of the affected  students resorted to using photocopied notes from  their colleagues while   a few others  used illegal mechanisms of   mwakenya ( codified methods of cheating in examinations) to prepare for their examinations. These symptoms justify the diagnosis of the emerging disease   of dismal participation in, and falling standards of education in public universities in Kenya. The paper recommends that more sustainable mechanisms should be worked out to increase and make the current financing arrangements more effective and efficient in enhancing the   falling standards in institutions of higher education. In addition, universities on their part should tighten the monitoring of students attendance and participation as well as introduce tough measures to deal with this emerging non-attendance and examination irregularities as methods of ensuring high standards are maintained in institutions of higher learning not only in Kenya but other African countries and beyond.[457    words].

Keywords: Financing, Higher Education, Universities, cost-sharing policy, efficiency and effectiveness, Quality education, Globalized world.